exam 2 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
consequentialism
A
individuals ought to behave in ways that will bring about good consequences, different theories differ on who should benefit from these consequences
2
Q
Utilitarianism
A
individuals ought to act in the interest of all concerned
3
Q
Ethical egoist approach to embezzling money from work
A
Should John embezzle money from work?
- no because I‛ll get caught or have to move away from my family to a non-extradition
country.
4
Q
Utilitarian approach to embezzling money from work
A
Should John embezzle money from work?
- no because I will harm the company, its employees, and its stockholders
5
Q
Psychological Egoism
A
is a theory about how humans behave psychologically, this means the theory attempts to describe how human nature is, i.e. it is a descriptive theory
scientific/descriptive approach to egoism.
not an ethical theory.
6
Q
strong form of psychological egoism
A
people always act in their own self-interest, we are psychologically predisposed to do so
7
Q
weak form of psychological egoism
A
people often, but not always, act in their own self-interest
8
Q
falsification
A
the scientific mandate that you must try to disprove a theory, and if you cannot do so, then it must be (more or less) true (Karl Popper)
9
Q
Karl Popper
A
man of falsification
10
Q
Naturalistic Fallacy/ weak form of psychological egoism
A
trying to get an ought (prescriptive) from an is (descriptive).
* There is no logical argument that conclusively proves that because people are behaving in
certain ways, they ought to do so or continue to do so. ex. am cheating wife, should continue cheating on wife
11
Q
3 drawbacks of strong form of psychological egoism
A
- It is not falsifiable.
- They are theorizing if those are not indeed my (and your) motives. It is presumptuous for psychological egoists to argue that I always act in my own self-
interest, especially if I can find one counterexample of not having done so. - When all else fails, they often retreat to the position, that people always do what they
really want to do. If people “want” to perform a so-called unselfish act, then they are not really being
unselfish because they are doing what they actually want to do.
12
Q
ethical egoism
A
normative ethical theory, we ought to behave selfishly. selfish as [1] self-preservation and [2] self-gratification.
e.g. Thomas Hobbes.
13
Q
ethical egosim guy
A
Thomas hobbes
14
Q
individual egoism
A
claims that everyone else ought to act in MY own best self-interest.
15
Q
personal ethical egoism
A
claims that I ought to act in my own self-interest, but that I make no claims
about what anyone else ought to do.
16
Q
Universal ethical egoism
A
claims as its basic principle that everyone should always act in his/her own
best self-interest, regardless of the interests of others, unless their
interests also serve his/hers.
17
Q
problems with personal and individual ethical egoism
A
- There are serious problems with both, in that they apply only to one individual and cannot
be laid down for humanity in general.
- This is a real drawback since morality (or moral systems) should be applied to all human
beings. - There are problems associated with promulgating (laying out or setting forth) either of
these forms of ethical egoism.
- It probably would not be in the interest of the Individual or Personal egoists to state
their theory at all, because that might anger other people and thus thwart their own self-
interest. - Shouldn‛t a moral system be consistent?
* If a person has to propound one moral theory while knowingly and purposely operating
under another, then they are being inconsistent.
* How moral can this system be if it cannot be laid out for others to see? - Another moral problem with such individualistic systems is that they fail to take into
account the fact that humans are not isolated from each other, and that the moral and
immoral actions of all persons affect other people around them.
* These 2 versions of egoism are good only for 1 person and may not even be beneficial for
that individual, especially if anyone else finds out that they are really operating under
such a system.
* So these views of egoism are not impossible to hold, but they are highly suspect as valid
moral theories.
18
Q
universal ethical egoism people
A
All individuals should always act in their own self-interest (i.e. universal egoism).
ex) Epicurus, Ayn Rand, Jesse Kalin, John Hospers.
19
Q
Advantages of universal ethical egoism
A
1) It‛s Easier to Determine Self-Interest
- It is much easier for individuals to know what their own interests are then it is for them
to know what is in the best interest of others.
2) It Encourages Individual Freedom and Responsibility
- Egoists need only to consider their own self-interest and then take responsibility for
their actions.
3) Limitations To These Advantages
- Ethical egoism can work successfully, but it has severe limitations.
– Limit 1= the theory will work best as long as people are operating under relative isolation,
thereby minimizing the occasions for conflict among their self-interests.
– Limit 2= some principle of justice or compromise must be brought in, and it would probably
not be in everyone‛s self-interest. At this point egoists must become:
[1] utilitarians, or
[2] play their nonmoral game by telling people what they should do while hoping they
won‛t in fact do it.
* The real and immediate problem with egoism is that we do not live in self-sufficient
communities.
20
Q
man defending universal ethical egoism
A
Jesse Kalin‛s In Defense of Egoism
21
Q
man hating on universal ethical egoism
A
Brian Medlin‛s Ultimate Principles and Ethical Egoism
22
Q
problems with universal ethical egoism
A
- Inconsistency
- Universal is inconsistent because you cannot state your position (as a universal ethical
egoist), since it is not in your self-interest to do so. You are acting in your own self-interest, which is not acting in my self-interest.
* It would not be in my interest to tell you that you should act in your own self-interest. - What is Meant by Everyone
- What do egoists mean when they state that everyone ought to act in their own self-
interest?
* Your self-interest and my self-interest are in conflict. How do we resolve this conflict? Great compromise is not the in the best interests of slaves
3) Difficulty in Giving Moral Advice
- Such advice is inconsistent, in that I should do what is in my own self-interest but must
advise you to act either in mine interest or in your‛s.
4) Blurring the Moral and Nonmoral Uses of Ought and Should
- “Ought” vs. “is” distinction.
* “Ought” and “should” are not always moral, there is a nonmoral sense.
ex) Instructions.
You should insert A into slot B.
* For Jesse Kalin: Should and ought mean no more than they would mean when applied to a
game or the directions for assembling something.
ex) Jesse says to Brian:
“You should kill me because I stand in the way of your having my wife, and it is in your
self-interest for you to do so, but because it is not in my self-interest for you to do so, I
hope you don‛t.”
* It is not incompatible with what Jesse says he thinks ought to be, but it is a strange
moral system that actually states what its advocate really does not want.
5) Inconsistent with Helping Professions
- Being inconsistent with helping professions is a criticism of ethical egoism in any of its
forms.
* It does not provide the proper ethical basis for people who are in the helping professions.
* They are in it for their own self-interest to some point.
23
Q
jesse kailin’s response to difficulty in giving moral advice vs brain medlin’s critiques
A
- I should act in my own best interest.
You should act in your own best interest. - I should advise you to act in your own self-interest.
- But I need not want you to act in your own self-interest.
ex) Jesse and Brian are playing chess:
Jesse seeing that Brian could move his (Brian‛s) bishop and put Jesse‛s king in check,
believes that Brian ought to move his (Brian‛s) bishop but doesn‛t want him to, need not
persuade him to, and indeed “ought to sit there quietly, hoping he (Brian) does not move as
he (Brian) ought”. - Then Universal suffers the same problems as Individual and Personal, that what people
ought to do cannot be promulgated (i.e. presented for all to see). - That is, we have an ethical system that has to be secret, otherwise it will violate its own
major tenet: self-interest.
Brian Medlin:
[1] “But is not to believe that someone should act in a certain way, to try to persuade
him to do so? Does it make sense to say, ‘Of course you should do this, but… don‛t?‛”
[2] Without this logic, ethical systems amount to no more than mere abstract ideals
that their proponents hope will not actually be carried out.
[3] If Kalin is correct, Universal ethical egoism claims to be a moral system that is
based on the nonmoral- its rules actually have no more moral import than the rules
of a chess game or the directions for assembling a toy.
24
Q
another name for universal ethical egoism
A
Rational ethical egoism
25
Ayn Rand
claims that the self-interests of rational human beings, by virtue of their being rational, will never conflict.
26
act utilitarianism
everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest
amount of good over bad for everyone affected by the act.
27
strength of act utilitarianism
Supplemental Strengths of Act Utilitarianism:
1. It has benevolence as a foundational principle.
2. It is rational (survey, predict, calculate).
3. It utilizes situational decision-making.
28
Weaknesses of Act Utilitarianism:
Supplemental Weaknesses of Act Utilitarianism:
1. It is incommensurable values.
2. It fails to recognize special obligations.
3. It fails to recognize supererogation.
4. It is inconsist.
5. It is unjust.
6. It over utilizes a cost-benefit analysis (or the end-justifies-the-means approach).
29
criticisms of act utilitarianism
1) Difficulty of Determining Consequences for Others (i.e. Predicting the Future)
- It is very difficult to ascertain what will turn out to be good consequences for others.
2) Impracticality of Beginning Anew
- There is a certain impracticality in having to begin anew with each situation.
* Is each act and each person so unique? ex. Don't kill, except in self defense.
3) Difficulty of Educating the Young or Uninitiated
- How is one to educate the young or uninitiated to act morally if there are no rules or
guides to follow.
30
Rule utilitarianism
everyone should always establish and follow that rule, or those rules,
that will bring about the greatest good for all concerned.
31
strenghts of rule Ulit
1. It is benevolent (like Act Utilitarianism).
2. It is rational (survey, predict, calculate) [like Act Utilitarianism].
3. It is consistent (like Duty Ethics).
4. It is just/fair (like Duty Ethics).
5. It can recognize special obligations (like Duty Ethics).
32
weaknesses of rule uliti
1. It does not utilize situational decision-making (but it can be flexible w/ exception clause).
2. It suffers from incommensurable values (like Act Utilitarianism).
3. It fails to recognize supererogation (like Act Utilitarianism).
4. It suffers from conflicting rules (like Duty Ethics).
33
rule ulitiraims cricques
1) Difficulty of Determining Consequences for Others (i.e Predicting the Future)
2. The Cost-Benefit Analysis Approach- A Problem for Utilitarianism
34
triage
doctors focus on who they can save, cost benefit
35
ethics
he branch of philosophy concerned with principles that allow us to make decisions
about what is right (and wrong).
= also known as moral philosophy.
36
bioethics
is specifically concerned with moral principles and decisions in the context of
medical practice, policy, and research.
37
5 major ethical theories vs 3 with no principles
There are 5 major ethical theories: [1] Utilitarianism,
[2] Duty Ethics,
[3] Prima Facie Duties,
[4] Rawls‛ theory of justice, and
[5] Natural Law Ethics and Moral Theology.
the three
1] Virtue Ethics,
[2] Care Ethics, and
[3] Feminist ethics.
38
classical ulit
hapiness is the sole value
39
calculus of pressure
when surveying, predicting, and calculating a means (or methodology)
of conducting said calculation is required.
= uses the characteristics of (1) intensity, (2) duration, (3) certainty,
(4) propinquity, (5) fecundity, (6) purity, (7) extent, and (8) number
of people affected to measure and assign numerical values to each
predict (or alternative) option (within the prediction).
40
propinquity
the state of being close to someone (or something); proximity.
41
Fecundity
the ability to produce an abundance new growth, or the ability to produce
many new ideas.
42
Teleology
from the Greek telos which means “end” or “goal”.
= a teleological ethical theory judges the rightness of an action in terms of an
external goal or purpose. catholic: the universe is structured in such a way that each thing in it has a goal or purpose.
43
Pluralistic ultut
critiques classical utilitarianism by claiming that we recognize
more things as being intrinsically valuable; things like
(1) knowledge, (2) beauty, (3) love, (4) friendship, (5) liberty,
and (6) health.
44
preference ulity=
a moral theory in which the good consists in the satisfaction of
people‛s preferences.
= it values actions that fulfill the greatest amount of personal
interests, as opposed to classical utilitarianism that values
actions that generated the greatest amount of pleasure.
= also known as preferentialism, which is a distinct form of
utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy.
45
utilitarianism difficulties
One fatal flaw (in the structure of the entire theory) is that the principle of utility
appears to justify the imposition of great suffering on a few people for the benefit of
many people.
* Clearly, what is missing from utilitarianism is the concept of justice.
46
deontological theories
are based on motives or the act itself; not on consequences.
= there are 2 categories: [1] act deontological.
[2] rule deontological.
47
act deontology
makes the major assumption that there are no general moral values or theories at all.
= there are only particular actions, situations, and people about which we cannot generalize.
= i.e., this approach is non-cognitive!
= we must approach each situation individually as a 1 of a kind and somehow
decide what is the right action to take in that situation.
48
emotive theory
also called [1] emotivism, [2] prescriptivism, or [3] boo-hurrah theory.
= states that ethical words and sentences really do only 2 things:
[1] Express people‛s feelings and attitudes.
[2] Evoke or generate certain feelings and attitudes in others.
= claims that moral utterances do not have a truth value, but expresses
the feelings of the speaker.
49
rule deontological
claims that there are or can be rules that are the only basis for
morality, and that consequences do not matter.
50
The (human) good
what is suitable (or proper) to human nature or our natural inclinations.
* (That is, according to Aquinas) the human good is that which is suitable (or proper) to
human nature.
51
natural inclinations
in human being, they are made up of (1) self-preservation, (2) that
others are valuable (or ends), (3) requires that our society achieves
development, so that we must support that goal, (4) the
propagation of our species, (5) procedural principles, and (6) we are
inclined to seek the truth.
52
double effect
when an act produces both a good and bad effect, this principle claims
that the act should be performed only for the intention to bring about the
good effect, and the bad effect will be an unintended (or indirect)
consequence.
= there are 4 conditions that must be satisfied:
1. the action itself must be morally indifferent or morally good.
2. the bad effect must not be the means by which the good effect is
achieved.
3. the motive must be the achievement of the good effect only.
4. the good effect must be (at least) equivalent in importance to the bad
effect.
53
totality
an individual has a right to dispose of their organs, or to destroy their capacity
to function, only to the extent that the general well-being of the whole body
demands it. For example, even cosmetic surgery is morally right only when it is required to maintain
(or ensure) the normal functioning of the rest of the body. More important, procedures
that are typically employed for contraceptive purposes (e.g. vasectomies and tubal
ligations) are ruled out. Thus, the totality principle forbids the sterilization of the
mentally retarded.
54
kan't duty ethics
a type of rule deontological theory formulated by Immanuel Kant.
= defines the moral rightness or wrongness of an act in terms of the intrinsic
value of the act.
= our duty to perform an act (or to refrain from doing it) is based on the
nature of the act itself and not on its consequences.
= an ethical theory stating that one should act in accordance with one‛s duties
and obligations.
= i.e., Kantian duty-based ethics claims that some things should never be done,
no matter what good consequences they produce.
55
requirements of absolute moral truths kant
1. must be logically consistent
2. must be universal
56
kant categorial impreative
act is immoral if it cannot be made into a universal rule or law, must act universally
57
hypothetical imperative kant
also called the practical imperative.
= never treat anyone as merely a means.
= no individual should be thought of or used merely as a means for
someone else‛s end.
= each individual is a unique end in themself, and is worthy of
respect and dignity.
58
critereon of reversibility
if an action were reversed, would a person want it to be done for them?
59
perfect duties
always do, ex. not to injure
60
imperfect dutie
must ignore, ex. a duty that we must observe only on some occasions.
= e.g. to show love and compassion. whill bring about good but not necessary
61
perfect rights
a type of right which corresponds to a perfect duty, the right that I must fufil my duty, I have to..., ex. e.g. everyone can demand of me that I do them no injury
62
imperfect rights
a type of right which corresponds to an imprefect duty, the right that I may fufill my imperect duty, I can OPT to, no one can tell me that t I must make them the recipient of my
compassion.
63
prima facie duties man
william david ross
64
duty ethics man
immanuel kant
65
prima facie
the term means “at first glance” or “on the surface of things”.
= tis one that all individuals must obey in a general way before any other
considerations enter into the picture.
= do your general standing duties unless some other duty trumps or overrides
it.
= do your general standing duties unless something stronger overrides it.
= Rossian duty-based ethics modified the Kantian model, so that it allows
various duties to be balanced.
= but it ultimately bases duty on intuition.
66
fidelity
faithfuness, telling the truth, etc PF
67
reparation
be fr PF
68
gratititude
PF
69
justice
PF
70
ficience
PF, helping to imrpove the condition of others oin the areas of virtue, intellignece, and hapiness
71
self-improvement
the obligation we have to improve our own virtue, intellinece, and hapiness PF
72
non-malficience
non-injury PF
73
moral properties
there are only 2 rightness and goodness, to say that an action is right is not the same as saying that it
causes pleasure.
74
non-moral properties
a property that lacks a moral import
75
actual duties
what my real duty is in a situation
76
prima facie duties
dictates what i should do when other relevant factors in a saitutaion are not considered
77
7 prima facie duties
duties of fidelity, reparation, gratitue, justice, beeeficience, self-improvement, non--malfieicence
78
rights theory
a person who is owed an obligation by someone else has a right to expect or demand that that obligation be satisfied, right depends upon a correspokding obligation
79
rights
there are certain ways in which other people ought (or ought not) to behave
towards them.
80
limited rights
a contract between 2 individuals or among a limited group.
= 1 individual undertaking a limited obligation., ex a promise
81
general rights
a contract between an individual and the whole of society.
= society at large undertaking a general obligation., ex. free speech
82
virtue
[1] “The quality of moral excellence, righteousness, and responsibility...”
[2] “A specific type of moral excellence or other exemplary quality considered
meritorious.”
[3] “A worthy practice or ideal.”
[4] It further lists the “cardinal” or “natural” virtues as “justice, prudence,
fortitude, and temperance.”
83
aristotle nichomachean ethics
formulates aristotelian virute ethics, name after his father and son, Every art and every inquiry, every action and choice, seems to aim at some good... [and]
the good has rightly been defined as that at which all things aim.”
ex) A doctor‛s art aims at health, seamanship aims at a safe voyage, and economy aims at
wealth.
84
tabula rasa arist
a mind not yet affect by expereinces or impressions, blank slate
85
innate ideas arsit
innate knowldge,e orignating from the intellect learned trhough experience
86
doctrine of the mean
claims that the virtue is a mean between 2 extremes or vices, that virtue is found as the intermeediate psotion between 2 extremes or vices, excess is rashness, vitue is courage, and deficit is cowardly
87
philosophical widsom arist
theoretical widsom scientific knowlegde combined with intuitive reason, of the things that are highest by nature, book smart
88
practical wisdom
phornesis, it is the intellectual virtue required to be moral, for it is the rational
understanding of how to conduct one‛s daily life.
= it is of particulars, which come to be known as a result of experience.
= this type of wisdom can only be gained through experience.
= it also aims at truth, but truth in the service of action
89
phronesis
an ancient greek word for a type of wisdom or intellignece, wissdom in determining ends and the means of attainin them, a type of wisdom relevant to practical action, implying both good judgement and excellence of charcater habits
90
alasdair macintyre
after virtue, analysys lf virtue ethics,
91
flourishing, constitutes virtue
his is an Aristotelian concept that removes relativism from conceptions of
happiness.
= i.e., in regards to the candidate in question, we will flourish with it (and
suffer without it).
= thus, this concept eliminates relativism, by determining what allows us (as a
species) to flourish.
92
cristine swanton
claims that standards for virtuous conduct should reflect the human
condition, marred by assorted troubles and the difficulty of attaining
(full) virtue.
= her view is that virtue is a concept that must always be understood and
applied contextually. for her, it means that one‛s response must appropriately meet the
demands of the world in a particular situation in which virtue app
93
aristotle
= for him, one might say that between the extremes of excess and deficit,
there is a range of possible responses that may be considered virtuous relative
to a particular situation.
94
vices
undersirable character traits
95
st. augustine's vices
the depths of vice:
1. Pride imitates loftiness of mind...
2. What does ambition seek, except honor and glory...
3. The cruelty of the mighty desires to be feared...
4. The caresses of the wanton call for love...
5. Curiosity pretends to be a desire for knowledge...
6. Ignorance itself and folly are cloaked over the names of simplicity and innocence...
7. Sloth... seeks rest...
8. Luxury of life desires to be called plenty and abundance...
9. Prodigality casts but the shadow of liberality...
10. Avarice desires to possess many things...
11. Envy contends for excellence...
12. Anger seeks vengeance...
13. Fear shrinks back at sudden and unusual things threatening what it loves...
14. Sadness wastes away over things now lost in which desire once took delight...
15. The soul commits fornication then it is turned away from you (God).
96
ben franklin's 13 VIRTUES
temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, cheasitty, humility
97
bf temperance
eat not to dullness, drink not to eleveation
98
bf silence
speak not but what may benefit others or yourself
99
bf order
let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its
100
bf resolution
resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resol
101
frugality
make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste not
102
bf industry
lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary
actions.
103
bf sincerity
use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly and, if you speak, speak
accordingly.
104
bf justice
wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your
105
bf moderation
avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they
deserve.
106
cleanliness bf
tolerate no uncleanness in body, clothes or habitation
107
tranquility bf
be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable
108
chastity bf
rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness,
or the injury of your own or another‛s peace or reputation
109
bf humility
imitate jesus and socrates
110
carol gillian
care ethics girlie, tradional male an dfemale viewpoints, ethics of justice is amle, ethics of caring is female
111
ethics of justice
traditional male perspective on ethics, [1] justice, [2] rights,
[3] competition, [4] being independent, and [5] living by rules
112
ethics of caring
traditional female perspective on ethics [1] generosity, [2] harmony,
[3] reconciliation, and [4] working to maintain close relationships.
113
care ethics
(like feminist ethics in general) rejects abstract principles as the basis for
ethics, and it is best characterized as a family of beliefs about the way
values should be manifested in character and behavior.
= it is unified by a set of shared concerns and commitments, and the rejection
of the traditional philosophical view that ethics can be adequately
represented by rules and principles.
114
feminist ethics
nvolves acknowledging the validity of women‛s experience in dealing with
people and society, expressing a commitment to social equality, and
exploring ways to empower women.
115
refined care ethics
need not have such explicit feminist concerns, although it shares the same
general aims and point of view.
116
retriutive justice
means that people should get what they deserve either by way of
reward or punishment, regardless of the consequences. It probably
is the oldest form of justice, and is best expressed in “an eye for an
eye and a tooth for a tooth”.
117
distributive justice
concerns itself essentially with the equitable distribution of good
and bad to human beings on a just and fair basis.
118
reward and punishment
is something given or received for worthy behavior, usually on the basis of
merit, deserts (what people deserve), or ability, and the act of penalizing someone for a crime, fault, or misbehavior; a penalty
for wrongdoing
119
retribution theory of justice
it is the act of giving people what they deserve, regard-
less of the consequences- in punishment sometimes
referred to as “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”,
“revenge”, or “just deserts” theory
120
ulitli theroy of jutice
advocates rewarding or punishing based upon the results
of the act and whether or not it brings about the
greatest good consequences for the greatest number of
people.
121
restitution theory of justice
is the act of somehow compensating a victim for harm or
wrong done to him or her; such compensation usually is
required to be made to the victim by the perpetrator of
the harm or wrong.
122
comparative justie
deals with the way in which a person is reated in relation to aniother person
123
natrual ability
BIRTH we have these suoepertrenght
124
aquired ability
the abilities we ahve achieved because of the time, effort, and money we put in to get themp
125
private needs
concerned with that individals need as a result of being poor or out of work
126
public needs
concerned with rewarding on the basis of people's contributions to public needs
127
rawl's two basic pincicples
equality principle and difference principle
128
rawl veiol of ignorance
we must establish principles without regard to anyone‛s position in
society; i.e. we must select these principles based on how they would
shape society without knowing our specific position in that society.
= we could set up principles for fairness and justice for all without
regard for anyone‛s special talents, inclinations, social status, political
ideology, or any other accidental features of their lives.
129
original position rawl
a group of people that represents the populace (in regards to gender,
sex, race, politics, economics, etc.) that would place themselves under
the veil of ignorance to form a more just society.
130
rawl equality principle
each person has equal rights to maximum liberty compatible with the
same amount of liberty for everyone else. That is, there must be
freedom for all.
131
difference principle
any inequality is permissible to the extent that it is to everyone‛s
advantage, including people at the bottom of society‛s ranks, and
that it arises under conditions of equal opportunity
132
difference between nozicka nd rawls
nozick is libertarian while rawls is a welfare liberal
133
libertarians
want to maximize individual liberty, and minimize (or even eliminate) any
violation of liberty by government or others.
134
welfare liverals
(or welfare capitalists) want the wealth of society to be society‛s
wealth, i.e. if all members of society cooperate in creating that wealth
by making it possible for individuals to earn the wealth they do, then
that is because of mutually agreed upon fundamental rules of society.
135
jeremy bentham
stated that punishment should always have as its aim the good of
society.
* Bentham describes 2 types of sanctions meant to discourage (or eliminate) criminal
behavior: internal senctions, external sanctions
136
ernal sanctions
which are brought about by the development of conscience in
children (and others) in order to mobilize feelings of guilt and sham
137
external sanctions
which usually are established by laws providing penalties to be
imposed for immoral or criminal behavior.
*
138
primary goods
he rights, opportunities, powers, wealth, and such that are both worth
possessing in themselves, and are necessary to securing the more specific
goods an individual may want.
= those goods that individuals would prefer to have more of rather than
less, and include “rights, liberties, opportunities, income, and wealth”.
= are representative of citizens‛ fundamental interests.
= are made up of (1) natural primary goods, and (2) social primary goo
139
specfici goods
are the non-essential goods that are not inherently good, but are good as a means
140
natural primary goods
intelligence, imganation, health, speed, etc
141
social primary goods,
includes rights liberties, income and wealth, the social bases of self-respect, etc
142
minimax
his game theory principle is known as maximizing the minimum.
= this strategy directs us to select (from all the alternatives) the one whose
worst possible outcome is better than the worst possible outcome of the other
alternatives.
143
equality
each person is to have an equal right to the most extension total system of
equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
= governs the distribution of liberty.
144
difference rawls
social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both
(1) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged... and (2) attached to
offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of
opportunity.
= governs the distribution of all other social goods (other than liberty)
145
agreemnts those in the original position would agre
1) fairness (in dealing with others),
(2) fidelity,
(3) respect (for persons), and
(4) beneficence, and natural dutiites include
(1) the duty of justice (supporting and complying with just institutions),
(2) the duty of helping others in need or jeopardy,
(3) the duty not to harm or injure another, and
(4) the duty to keep our promises.
