exam 2

Question 1

glutamate

Answer 1

sensory and motor outputs, excitatory, ketamine/PCP

Question 2

GABA

Answer 2

neural pathways, inhibitory, alcohol, antianxiety trugs, tetanus blocks release

Question 3

acetylcholine

Answer 3

released at neuromuscular junctions, excitatory at junctions and modulatory at brain
nicotine activates, curare and atropine block

Question 4

norepinephrine

Answer 4

released diffusely through brain, modulatory, amohetamines, cocaine, antidepressants block reuptake

Question 5

dopamine

Answer 5

reward, motivation
released diffusely through brain, modulatory, amohetamines, cocaine, antidepressants block reuptake

Question 6

serotonin

Answer 6

modulatory, lsd activates, antidepressants and antianxiety block reuptake

Question 7

endorphins

Answer 7

pain perception, morphine, heroin, and opioids activate receptors

Question 8

substance P

Answer 8

released by unmyelinated neurons, excitatory, pain perception

Question 9

nitric oxide

Answer 9

diffuses across plasma membrane, in viagra prevents blockage of no

Question 10

neuropeptides

Answer 10

endorphins and substance p

Question 11

monoamines

Answer 11

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 12

amino acids

Answer 12

glutamate, gaba

Question 13

two main neurotransmitters in vertebrate brains

Answer 13

glutamate and gaba

Question 14

single celled photosynthetic organisms

Answer 14

sense light in order to move to where it is more abundant

Question 15

single-celled organisms

Answer 15

sense food molecules and relevant chemicals in the environment

Question 16

sensory reception in euglena

Answer 16

photosynthetic chloroplasts– navigate to light by sensing photons using receptor proteins in the eyespots

Question 17

amoeboid cells sensory reception

Answer 17

express receptor proteins for cAMP, and move to where it is more concentrated, forming fruiting bodies

Question 18

four major types of sensory receptor proteins

Answer 18

mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or thermoreceptors

Question 19

mechanoreceptors

Answer 19

detect physical forces that push or pull on the membrane of a sensory neuron, changing the shape of the receptor protein. mostly ion channel proteins that open when deformed. basis for touch and hearing

Question 20

photoreceptors

Answer 20

detect light energy and are the transduction mechanism in vision. in vertebrates, receptors in retina

Question 21

chemoreceptors

Answer 21

detect specific molecules acting as ligands to activate the receptors. detect food and other biologically relevant molecules. basis for smell and taste

Question 22

thermoreceptors

Answer 22

detect changes in temp and are one transduction mechanism in touch

Question 23

loggerhead sea turtle

Answer 23

one example of an animal that navigates by sensing the earth’s magnetic field

Question 24

honeybees

Answer 24

detect uv light that humans can’t detect

Question 25

receptive field

Answer 25

a region surrounding the receptor within which the receptor responds to a stimulus

Question 26

receptive field of mechanosensory neuron

Answer 26

determined by dendritic arbor

Question 27

receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron

Answer 27

determined by location in the retina

Question 28

how is intensity of a stimulus communicated

Answer 28

frequency of action potentials traveling across each axon in an afferent pathway

Question 29

sensory afaptation

Answer 29

effect of a stimulus is reduced if it continues at a constant level

Question 30

snakes sensors

Answer 30

pit organs to detect body heat

Question 31

role of thermosensory neurons

Answer 31

locate warm-blooded prey

Question 32

discovered thermoreceptor proteins

Answer 32

- one detects warm temperatures above 40 C and is activated by capsaicin - one detects colder temperatures below 25 c and is activated by menthol

Question 33

role of magnetoreceptors

Answer 33

navigation

Question 34

role of electroreceptors

Answer 34

- finding prey - communicating - killing prey

Question 35

nociception

Answer 35

detection of damaging stimuli, perceived as pain

Question 36

neurotransmitters involved in pain

Answer 36

glutamate for sharp pain, substance p for dull aching pain

Question 37

where do pain neurons synapse

Answer 37

neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord

Question 38

endorphins

Answer 38

natural painkillers that bind to receptors on substance p neurons to reduce amount of neurotransmitter released

Question 39

frontal lobes

Answer 39

motor control, planning, decisionmaking

Question 40

occipital lobe

Answer 40

integrating visual info

Question 41

parietal and temporal lobes

Answer 41

include cortical areas that integrate a variety of different types of information - auditory, somatic, taste, higher-level integration, recognition of faces and complex objects, spatial awareness, language

Question 42

prefrontal association cortex

Answer 42

at very front, for planning, decisionmaking, personality, creativity

Question 43

premotor cortex

Answer 43

right after prefrontal cortex, coordination of complex movement

Question 44

primary motor cortex

Answer 44

voluntary movement, right behind premotor

Question 45

somatosensory cortex

Answer 45

right behind primary motor, touch, pain, temperature, pressure input

Question 46

posterior parietal cortex

Answer 46

somatosensory and visual input integration

Question 47

wernicke's area

Answer 47

understanding language

Question 48

parietal-temporal-occipital cortex

Answer 48

integration of all sensory input

Question 49

primary visual cortex

Answer 49

vision

Question 50

primary auditory cortex

Answer 50

hearing

Question 51

limbic association cortex

Answer 51

motivation, emotion, memory

Question 52

broca's area

Answer 52

expressing language

Question 53

corpus callosum

Answer 53

connects two cerebral hemispheres

Question 54

what side of brain does comprehension and production of language occur

Answer 54

left cerebral hemisphere

Question 55

damage to wernicke's area

Answer 55

difficulty comprehending spoken and written language, even though hearing and vision are unimpaired neurons in wernicke's area project to broca's area

Question 56

broca's area is in what region of the brain

Answer 56

near motor association cortex. people with damage have comprehension but cannot speak

Question 57

divisions of long-term memory

Answer 57

procedural and declarative

Question 58

sequential mechanims of learning

Answer 58

- storing memory - scanning memory after stimulation - modifying response to stimulus in accordance with the information stored as memory

Question 59

eyes closed, relaxed

Answer 59

alpha waves

Question 60

drowsiness

Answer 60

theta waves

Question 61

awake

Answer 61

beta waves

Question 62

drowsiness to deep sleep transition

Answer 62

delta waves

Question 63

prefrontal association cortex

Answer 63

involved in thinking, such as planning, decisionmaking, creativity

Question 64

parietal-temporal-occipital association

Answer 64

integrates all sensory input and relates parts to external environment

Question 65

limbic association cortex

Answer 65

motivation, emotion, memory