Exam 2 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
what eukaryote superkingdom - a single flagella at the end of the organism
A
opisthokonts
2
Q
what percent of known eukaryotic species are opisthotonos
A
75%
3
Q
what super kingdom = chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes
A
archeoplastids
4
Q
what group of eukaryotes are the 2nd most conspicuous and diverse group of eukaryotes
A
archeoplastids
5
Q
what super kingdom is characterized by ameboid movement
A
amoebozoans
6
Q
_______ _______ have 300,000 described species and dominate eukaryotic biomass on the planet
A
land plants
7
Q
what super kingdom = small vesicles
A
alveolates
8
Q
what are the advantages of a multicellular organism
A
larger organisms
cooperation between cells
9
Q
what is the MOST important advantage of multicellular organisms
A
the ability of cell within the organism to specialize
10
Q
no specialized cell types
adhesion between adjacent cells present
minimal communication and sharing of resources between cells
every cell in contact with the external environment
A
simple muticellulartiy
11
Q
many specialized cell types
tissue and organ differentiation
a small subset of cells contribute to reproduction
highly developed mechanisms for adhesion between cells
specialized structures for cell communication
presence of both interior and exterior cells
A
complex multicellularity
12
Q
red blood cells ______ oxygen
A
absorb
13
Q
skeletal muscle cells allow _______ ________
A
muscle movement
14
Q
neurons _______ info
A
communicate
15
Q
intestinal epithelial cell are designed for ___________
A
absorbtion
16
Q
what biological issues need to be solved for multicellular organisms to have evolved
- cells need to ________ to each other
- cells need to _________ with each other
- cells need to ________ with each other
- have a genetic program guide to growth and development of ____________
A
adhere
communicate
cooperate
differential cell types
17
Q
what proteins are used in cell adhesion in a desmosome
A
cadherin proteins
18
Q
what proteins are used in cell adhesion in a hemidesmosome
A
integrin
19
Q
example of an animal cell-cell adhesive protein
A
cadherins
20
Q
example of a animal cell-matrix adhesive protein
A
integrins
21
Q
what cell adhesive protein is used in PLANTS and it allows plant cell walls to adhere to other plant cell walls
A
pectin
22
Q
what cell releases the signaling molecules
A
signaling cell
23
Q
what cell has receptor proteins that bind to the signaling molecule
A
responding cell
24
Q
molecules in cells environment _____ - ______ - activated _______ - signal transduction _________
A
ligand
receptor
receptor
cascade
25
acetylcholine binding opens ______ channels allowing ____ to flow into the muscle cell
ion
Na+
26
what are intercellular connections made up of a ring of proteins and allow for fast communication ( animals)
gap junction
27
what are intercellular connection lined but extensions of the cell membrane that also contain a tubule connection the end-membrane systems of neighboring cells ( plants
plasmodesmata
28
how do molecules move within a cell
-_______ is a primary mechanism
- observed as a net movement of molecules from ________________
diffusion
regions of high to low concentration
29
random movement of molecules with net movement from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration of molecules
diffusion
30
prokaryotic cells essentially depend entirely on _______
diffusion
31
eukaryotic cells have properties that assist in the process of getting ______
oxygen
32
what are circumventing limits imposed but diffusion in multicellular organisms
location of cells relative to surface exposed environment
33
movement of molecules through organisms due to pressure differences
bulk flow
34
the circulatory system transports ______ and ______ to tissues and ________ and other _________ away from tissues
oxygen and nutrients
carbon dioxide and other wastes
35
vascular tissues (xylem) transport _____ and ______ upward from the soil to leaves, where photosynthesis takes place
water and nutrients
36
other vascular tissues (the phloem) transport ______ downward from leaves to other parts of the plant
sugars
37
plant cells _______ develop and _______ in the place they are born
develop and differentiate
38
specailaizd groups of _______ ____ ______ are located in the tips of the growing roots and shoots
undifferentiated stem cells (meristems)
39
animal development involves the ________ ______ ______ to from the body as the embryo develops
coordinated movement of cells
40
the early movement of cell from the "tube within a tube: shape of all bilateral groups
gastrulation
41
complex multicellularity spread through the oceans only as the ______ content of the atmosphere and oceans increased
oxygen
42
complex multicellular organisms radiated on lad later, as one line of __________ adapted photosynthesis on land
green algae
43
complex multicellular land plants originated about _______ million years ago, well after marine animals and algae
465
44
by _______ years ago plants had evolved specialized tissues for _________ of _____ and ______ and spread across the continents
400
bulk flow
water and nutrients
45
leaves are used for
carbon and energy uptake (photosynthesis)
46
roots are used for
water and nutrient uptake
47
what are the 3 major tissues of the leaf
epidermis, mesophyll, and veins
48
when open stomata allow ____ into the leaf they also allow _____ out via ______
CO2
water vapor out via transpiration
49
mesophyll cells near the upper surface of the leaf have a _______ arrangement that ______ light interception
columnar
maximizes
50
mesophyll cells close to the stomata have a ___________ like arrangement to allow _____ to spread easily throughout the leaf
honeycomb
CO2
51
plants need to allow ______ to enter the leaf but also to regulate the amount of __________ exiting the leaf
CO2
water vapor
52
the ________ difference driving the diffusion of ________ into the leaf is typically ______ times smaller than the concentration difference driving the diffusion of water vapor out of the leaf
concentration
CO2
100
53
what type of cell has hydromechanical valves, based on concentration of solutes in guard cell cytoplasm, default state is closed, open required energy
guard cell
54
plants _______ open stomata to let in _________ and let out ________
MUST
CO2
O2
55
what type of plant has the limitation of photorespiration and lives in a cool mouse habitat
C3
56
what type of plant has the limitation of ATP cost, light reactions and carbon reactions occur in separate cells
C4
57
what type of plant has the limitation of reduced carbon availability, CO2 is absorbed at night, light reactions and carbon reaction occur during the day
CAM
58
- what support the leaves
- contain vascular tissue for transport of materials between roots and leaves
stems
59
water and dissolved solutes (nutrients) from roots to the leaves (shoots)
xylem
60
sugars from source to "sink"
SOURCE TO SINK
phloem
61
what are dead at maturity and reinforced with lignin
xylem
62
tracheids
unicellular
63
vessel elements
multicellular
64
________ suck water upwards like a long straw
leaves
65
_________ of water is essential property that allows xylem transport
cohesion
66
continuous column of water from water surrounding roots to water ___________ from leaves
transpiring
67
water _______ from leaf
pulls on ______ in cells
pulls on water in ______
pulls water in from the ______ and surrounding ______
transpires
water
xylem
roots and surrounding soil
68
the ________ of water from leaves causes water to flow from the soil
evaporation
69
_________ _________ that form between water molecules allow water to be pulled through the xylem
hydrogen bonds
70
the forces that develop in leaves must be _______ enough to overcome the ______ forces in the soil
large
capillary
71
what are some risks to xylem transport
collapse - ligning resists
cavitation - air bubble disrupts continuity of column
72
what transports sugar rich sap from source to sink as well as other organic molecules including hormones
phloem
73
composed of living cells, the sieve elements
sieve tubes
74
movement in phloem is generated by
loading of solutes at source and unloading of solutes at sink
75
______ _______ between source and sink drives the movement of phloem sap
pressure difference
76
movement in xylem is generated by
cohesion and transpiration
77
pwhat does phloem transport for photosynthesis
sugar
78
what does xylem transport for photosynthesis
wate
79
what anchors plants to the substrate, absorbs water and nutrients form the soil, interacts with symbiotic fungi and bacteria in the "rhizosphere"
roots
80
branching, root hairs =
large surface area in contact with soil
81
water and dissolved mineral in soil enter through the roots
epidermis
82
what regulate entry of water and mineral into the vascular tissue
endodermis
83
water travels _____ and ______ cells and _______ ______ are carried in water
thought and between
dissolved mineral ions
84
what blocks the entrance to endodermis
casparian strip
85
water must go through _______ cells
endodermal
86
plant gets enhanced nutrient uptake and fungi gets sugars
symbioses between plant and fungi
87
root nodules =
bacterial symbiosis
88
plant gets enhances nitrogen uptake and bacteria gets sugars
nitrogen fixing bacteria
89
bryophytes
spore dispersing
90
in land plants both ______ and _______ phases of alternation of generations are multicellular
haploid and diploid
91
there are alternating multicellular haploid and diploid generations
alternation of generations
92
the haploid generation is a _______
gametophyte (plant that produced gamete)
93
the diploid generation is the _________
sporophyte (produces a spore)
94
coat material that protects the spores, resists desiccation , resists UV, allows spores to disperse through air and gives life advantages
sporopollenin
95
spore dispersing vascular plants
lycophytes and ferns and horsetails
96
bryophytes
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
97
seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
98
when spores germinate they release the _________ generation
gametophyte
99
__________ generation is dominant generation in vascular plants
sporophyte
100
vascular tissues allow the sporophyte generation to grow tall and become _______ _________ of the gametophyte
physiologically independent
101
physically and physiologically dependent on sporophyte
gametophyte
102
physically and pysicologically dependent on gametophyte
sporophyte
103
in SEED producing plants
- fertilization is _______ of water
- seeds ____ _____ from the parent plant
- gametophyte is ____________________ dependent on the sporophyte
independent
disperse away
reduced to a few cells
104
gymnosperm =
naked seed
105
protect the flower as it develops
sepals
106
serve to attract pollinators
petals
107
produce pollen (male structure)
stamens
108
produce ovules (female structure)
carpels
109
the _________ female gametophyte develops within the very of the carpel
angiosperm
110
the seed coat is the remnants of the _______
ovulue
111
ripened ovary of a flower together with any associated accessory parts
fruit
112
what give rise to all other cells in plants, stem cell populations found in plants
meristems
113
shoot growth occurs from the ______ ________
apical meristem
114
shoots remade up of repeating units of _______ and _______; one or more leaves are attached to each node
node and internodes
115
stem elongation occurs in _________
internodes
116
what kind of buds can form branches
axillary
117
what produces secondary xylem toward the center of the stem
produces secondary phloem towards the outside
a cork cambium maintains a protective outer layer
formation of a continuous vascular cambium
118
wide growth rings correlate with years with favorable conditions in these years
narrow growth rings indicate years with more stressful conditions
wood
119
what provide both mechanical support and water transport and limits water flow and ultimate strength in gymnosperm wood
tracheids
120
in angiosperm wood what provide mechanical support and what are specialized for water transport
fibers
vessels
121
what produces the outer layer of the bark
cork cambium
122
what allow O2 to diffuse into the cells of the stem
lenticles
123
an organism classified as an animal could be which of the following
a chemoherterotroph
124
stomata begin to open when K+
becomes concentrated, water enters guard cells, and the cells become turgid
125
within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the ______; in bryophytes it is the _________
sporophyte
gametophyte
126
the ________ contribute the most calories to the human diet
grasses
127
angiosperms that have only one embryonic seed leaf are called
monocots
128
the nutritious flesh of many fruits has the function of
attracting seed dispersers
129
the extension of the pollen tube to the ovule is classes
pollination
130
in angiosperms, a ________ in contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the ________ consists of the rest of the plant
gametophyte
sporophyte
131
where on a neuron would you expect to find myelin
along the axon
132
the initial depolarization associated with the action potential os the consequence of the opening of _________________________ at the axon hillcock
voltage gated sodium channels
133
the reproductive structures found on the underside of a fern leaf are best described as:
sporangia
134
double fertilization in angiosperms results in
the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm
135
what is the basic functional unit of a nervous system
neuron
136
what are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected
plasmodesmata
137
is algae a opisthotonos
algae
138
terrestrial plants must maintain a balance between the need for CO2 and the need to avoid desiccation. one response to these conflicting forces is that
guard cells shrink from water loss, causing stomata to open
139
the dendrite is most closely associated with
receiving information
140
chloroplasts are thought to have evolved
cyanobacteria
141
the process of nitrogen fixation is the
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
142
water is transported from the soil to the leaves in the
xylem
143
what happens during axon depolarization
sodium ions flow into the axon
144
the role of an interneuron is to:
relay information from sensory to motor neurons
145
undifferentiated cells of plants are most likely to be present in which of the following tissues
shoot tips (meristems)
146
land plants evolved from which of the groups
green algae
147
which ion is present at higher concentration inside than outside a neuron at rest
potassium
148
the signal "rest and digest" comes from the
parasympathetic nervous system
149
which brain region is associated with language in humans
temporal lobe
150
vascular plants can grow quite tall compared with non-vascular plants, because unlike the non-vascular plants they
can grow on land
151
the dominant generation in land plants is
diploid spore producing sporophytes
152
tracheas and vessel elements
are dead cells that make up the xylem
153
meristems are
groups of cells that give rise to all other cell types in the plants
154
the fruit generally develops from which part of the flower
ovary
155
when photoreceptors in the vertebrae of the eye are activated, they cause Na+ channels in the cell membrane to close the result is
hyper polarization of the cell membrane
156
what is the physiological basis for the auditors systems ability to distinguish different sound frequencies
different section of the basilar membrane respond differently
157
what feature is a synapomorphy of the animals
specialized cell junctions
158
what group does not have a free living gametophyte generation
gymno and angio sperms
159
the two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and edicts these pants differ in the number of
embryonic cotyledons or seed leaves
160
plants with active mycorrihizahe
benefit nutritionally from this arrangment and display enhanced absorption of water and minerals
