Exam 2 Flashcards by Tatum Calvin

A persons awarreness of everything that is going on around thrm at any given time

Consciousness

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Describe the normal state of consciousness and give an example

The normal State of consciousness is waking conscious, where thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert (ex; in class)

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Describe the altered state of consciousness and give an example

The altered state is when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking conscious (ex; under the influence)

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How many hours of sleep do newborns need

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What age group needs about 9 hours of sleep

Adolescent and college students

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What kind of waves occur when you are awake

Alpha and beta waves

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Describe stage 1 of the sleep cycle

(5-10 mins/cycle)
§ Theta waves
§ Hypnagogic imagery
§ Myoclonic jerks

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(10-30 mins/ cycle)
§ Sleep spindles and k-complexes
§ As much as 65% of total sleep
Are chacteristics of what stage of sleep

Stage 2

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Describe stage 3 of sleep

(15-30 mins/cycle)
§ Delta waves
§ Crucial to feel rested; suppressed by alcohol
§ 40 % of sleep in children; 25% in adults

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What is REM sleep

o Rapid eye movement (rem) sleep
o Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids
o dreaming

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What are the characteriscs of the rem sleep potion in the sleep cycle

REM sleep (10-20 mins/cycle)
§ Brain activity similar to wakefulness
§ Becomes longer as the night goes on

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what is the difference between nightmares and night terrors

o The difference between nightmares and night terrors are that nightmares happens when you are in the REM stage and have a bad dream. Night terrors are rare and usually happen in children, they come with extreme fear and screaming, the person isn’t fully awake and it happens in deep sleep

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What are some symptoms you can experience when you are sleep deprived

o Fatigue
o Impaired concentration
o Immune suppression
o Irritability
o Slowed performance
o Accidents

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What is the name of the theory that explains why we sleep

Restorative theory

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Explain restorative theory

Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

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What does the fulfillment theory explain

Why we dream

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Explain fulfillment theory

Dreams preserve our sanity by allowing us to gratify forbidden or unrealistic wishes
· Dream material may be so threating or disgusting that it was disguised in dreams
· Manifest content- dream content
· Latent content- dreams true meaning

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What does activation synthesis explain

Why we dream

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Describe activation synthesis

· Dreaming is an unimportant by product of RANDOM stimulation of brain cells
· Cerebral cortex tries to make sense of this random stimulation
o Results in a fragmented story

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What does information processing explain

Why we dream

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Describe information processing theory

· Dreams help us shift through memories of our everyday thoughts and experiences
· Mental housecleaning

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A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period

Circadian rhythms

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How are circadian rhythms relayed to our sleep cycle

o disruptions of circadian rhythms can cause numerous health issues

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Problems falling asleep, staying asleep, getting quality sleep

Insomnia

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Multiple burst of not breathing

Sleep apnea

Sleep “seizure”, sudden slip into REM sleep

Narcolepsy

What is hypnosis

a trance like state Great concentration High suggestibility Reduced response to outside stimuli

Who created hypnosis and what was their goal

Made Franz Goal was to restore the balance of universal fluids within his patients Used large magnets and iron rods Can’t be used to recall forgotten things Just about anyone can experience it Can’t force people against their will Can be therapeutic

What are the two types of hypnosis

Dissociation theory: divided consciousness & Social cognitive theory

Hypnosis works on the immediate, conscious mind A hidden observer remains aware(driving home and not remembering)

Dissociation theory

People are playing the role expected of them in the situation People may not be aware that they are pretending

Social cognitive theory

What are practical uses for hypnosis

Used to treat pain, habit disorders, obesity anxiety

When people use drugs for the wrong reasons

Substance abuse

Two types of drug dependence

Physical and psychological

A physiological need Tolerance Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Physical dependence

A psychological need Continued because they think they need it

Psychological dependence

Define tolerance

reduced reaction to drugs due to its repeated use

Define withdrawal

when you cut back or stop the drug sometimes it comes with symptoms

-Increase heart rate and breathing rates, and other autonomic functions to provide energy -Inhaled into the lungs then enters the blood stream 7-19 seconds after inhaled it enters the brain -Withdrawal Depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety. Problems concentrating, increased appetite Withdrawal Depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety. Problems concentrating, increased appetite

Nicotine

Natural drug (coca plant) Effects euphoria , energy, power, pleasure

Cocaine

Define learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience The ability to modify future behavior as a result of past experience is adaptive

A learning process where two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, usually a neutral stimuli and a positive

Classical conditioning

Who discovered classical conditioning

Ivan pavlov

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response like dog food to a dog

Unconditioned stimulis

An automatic response to a stimulus like the dog salivating for the food

Unconditioned response

Example the bell for the dog letting him know that food was coming

Conditioned stimulus

An automatic response to the conditioned stimulus after training

Conditioned response

Explain the relationship between extinction and spontaneous recovery

Extinction occurs when the previous behavior fades,and spontaneous recovery occurs when a kid cries for a toy knowing thy will get it and spontaneous recovery occurs because of the reaction to the conditioned stimulus

Discuss the little Albert study

The experiment was when they introduced the baby to a rat (neutral stim) with no response but they made a loud noise (unconditioned stim) which resulted in a unconditioned response, crying. So thy were then introduced at the same time during conditioning, and after the baby cries because of the rat when its alone

any negative emotional response, typically fear or anxiety, that becomes associated with a neutral stimulus as a result of classical conditioning

A conditioned emotional response

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Operant conditioning

How was operant conditioning discovered and by whom?

it was discovered by B.F. SKinner and he developed this by experimenting on animals in his Skinner box

What are the differences between positive and negative reinforcement

Production of a stimulus (positive reinforcement) always involves escape from a situation (negative reinforcement) in which the stimulus was absent; removal of a stimulus (negative reinforcement) always involves production of a situation (positive reinforcement) in which the stimulus is absent.

The ______ _____ schedule id the most resistant to extinction

Variable ratio

presents the reinforcer after every performance of the desired behavior

Continuous reinforcement

the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.

Partial reinforcement

Provides a reward at constant times

Provides a reward at consistent times

Reinforcement of a target behavior after an interval of time has passed

Variable interval schedule

using a constant number of responses

Fixed ratio schedule

Partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

Variable ratio schedule

How does punishment differ from reinforcement?

negative reinforcement involves the removal of a negative condition to strengthen a behavior. Punishment involves either presenting or taking away a stimulus to weaken a behavior

What are some risk associated with punishment

lying, sneaking, anger, outright rebellion, depression, aggression, addictions

using a target like a dolphin tapping his nose on the target to get food is an example of what

Shaping

Learning new behavior by watching someone else perform that behavior

Observational learning

Summarize the findings from banduras study

children are able to learn through the observation of adult behavior

the retention of information over time Our memories are surprisingly good in some situations and bad in others

Memory

3 main divisions of memory

Encoding, storage, retrieval

(putting it in) Converting sensory information into a form that is usable in the brains shortage systems

Encoding

(keeping it in) Holding onto information for some period of time

Storage

(getting it out) Using information in storage

Retrevial

the very first system in memory, in which raw information from the senses is help for a very brief period of time

Sensory memory

Who studied sensory memory

George spelling

What size capacity does sensory memory have

Large capacity

How long is the information available for sensory memory

Up to 3 seconds

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

Short term memory

How do short term memory and working memory differ

The short-term memory stores information for a few seconds, while the working memory processes and structures the information for a short time

What role does selective attention play in the processing of information?

Allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information.

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

Long term memory

What kind of capacity does long term memory have

Unlimited

a person's episodic memory for a crime or other witnessed dramatic event

Eye witness memory

Facts, general knowledge memory

Semantic

Events experience by a person memory

Episodic

Explicit memory

Declarative

Motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes memory

Procedural (implicit)

The difference between semantic and episodic memory

Semantic memory is recall of general facts, while episodic memory is recall of personal facts

What role does the hippocampus play in memory

The hippocampus play a very important role in our ability to form new memories

What causes anterograde amnesia

The lack or damage to the hippocampus

Helping us retrieve an intention from our prospective memory, which is responsible for remembering things that we need to do.

The role of cues in memory

What are the two types of encoding specificity

Maintenance rehersal and elaborative

Repeating a word over and over Information is active in STM/WM, but may not transfer to LTM

Maintenance rehearsal

Connects info to prior knowledge Information is active in STM/WM, and is likely to transfer to LTM

Elaborative rehearsal

How does “normal” forgetting occur from long-term memory?

encoding failure, didn't seem important

Exam 2 Flashcards

(92 cards)