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Geography 101 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Agricultural density

A

The reporting of the number of rural residents per unit of agricultural land

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2
Q

Boserup Thesis

A

The theory that population growth creates pressure for agricultural change, particularly the switch from extensive to intensive subsistence agriculture.

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3
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The numbers of any population that can be adequately supported by the available resources on which that population subsists; for humans, the numbers are supportable by the known and utilized resources—usually agricultural—of an area.

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4
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The rate of annual live births per 1000 population. It is considered “crude” because it relates birth to total population with no regard to sex or gender

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5
Q

What is the birth rate of a country strongly influenced by?

A

Age and sex structure of the population, family size expectations, customs, and and by population policies

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6
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

AKA mortality rate is the annual number of events per 1000 population

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7
Q

Crude density

A

The number of people per unit area of land

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8
Q

Demographic Dividend

A

A brief period when countries have the potential for rapid economic growth as they transition from high to low fertility and have a large workforce and few dependents.

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9
Q

Population Geography

A

The branch of human geography dealing with the number, composition, and distribution of humans in relation to variations in earth-space conditions

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10
Q

Demographic Equation

A

A mathematical expression that summarizes the contribution of different demographic processes to the population change of a given area during a specified time period: P2 = P1 + B − D + IM − OM, where P2 is population at time 2; P1 is population at beginning date; B is the number of births between times 1 and 2; D is the number of deaths during that period; and IM is the number of in-migrants and OM the number of out-migrants between times 1 and 2.

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11
Q

Demographic Transition

A

A model that traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality associated with industrialization, health care improvements, urbanization, and changing attitudes towards child bearing.

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12
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of population, with particular emphasis on quantitative aspects.

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13
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The number of dependents, old or young, that each 100 persons in the productive years must, on average, support.

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14
Q

Doubling time

A

The time period required for any beginning total, experiencing a compounding growth, to double in size.

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15
Q

Ecumene

A

The permanently inhabited areas of the Earth

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16
Q

Food Security

A

The condition where all people have access to safe and nutritious food of sufficient quantity for an active and healthy lifestyle.

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17
Q

Homeostatic Plateau

A

The equilibrium level of population that can be supported adequately by available resources; equivalent to carrying capacity.

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18
Q

J-Curve

A

A curve shaped like the letter J, depicting exponential, or geometric, growth (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .).

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19
Q

Malthus

A

Thomas R. Malthus (1766–1834), English economist, demographer, and cleric, suggested that, unless checked by self-control, war, or natural disaster, population will inevitably increase faster than will the food supplies needed to sustain it.

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20
Q

Neo-Malthusianism

A

The advocacy of population control programs to preserve and improve general national prosperity and well-being.

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21
Q

Nonecumene

A

The portion of the earth’s surface that is uninhabited or only temporarily or intermittently inhabited.

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22
Q

Overpopulation

A

A value judgment that the resources of an area are insufficient to sustain adequately its present population numbers.

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23
Q

Physiological density

A

The number of persons per unit area of agricultural land

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24
Q

Population density

A

A measurement of the numbers of persons per unit area of land within predetermined limits, usually political or census boundaries.

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25
Population (demographic) momentum
The tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
26
Population projection
A report of future size, age, and sex composition of a population based on assumptions applied to current data.
27
Population pyramid
A graphic depiction of the age and sex composition of a (usually national) population
28
Rate
The frequency of occurrence of an event during a specified time period.
29
Rate of Natural Increase
The birth rate minus the death rate, suggesting the annual rate of population growth without considering net migration.
30
S-Curve
The horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential J-curve
31
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children that would be born to each woman if, during her childbearing years, she bore children at the current year’s rate for women that age.
32
Zero Population Growth
A situation in which a population is not changing in size from year to year, as a result of the combination of births, deaths, and migration.
33
Acculturation
The cultural modification or change resulting from one culture group or individual adopting traits of a more advanced or dominant society; cultural development through “borrowing.”
34
Amalgamation theory
In human geography, the concept that multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups.
35
Assimilation
The social process of merging into a composite culture, losing separate ethnic or social identity, and becoming culturally homogenized.
36
Creole
The ability to acquire a more complex grammatical structure with enhanced vocabulary
37
Cultural ecology
The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they occupy.
38
Cultural integration
The interconnectedness of all aspects of a culture; no part can be altered without impact upon other culture traits.
39
Cultural landscape
The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group or society; the built environment.
40
Culture
A society’s collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts; transmitted as a heritage to succeeding generations and undergoing adoptions, modifications, and changes in the process.
41
Culture complex
An integrated assemblage of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society’s behavior or activity.
42
Culture hearth
A nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits develops and from which there is diffusion of distinctive technologies and ways of life.
43
Culture realm
A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in its cultural characteristics and complexes.
44
Culture region
A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail. It may be based on single culture traits; on culture complexes; or on political, social, or economic integration.
45
Culture system
A generalization suggesting shared, identifying traits uniting two or more culture complexes.
46
Culture trait
A single distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system; a single element of learned behavior.
47
Dialect
A regional or socioeconomic variation of a more widely spoken language.
48
Enviromental determinism
The view is that the physical environment, particularly climate, molds human behavior and conditions cultural development.
49
Ethnic religion
A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it.
50
Ethnicity
The social status afforded to, usually, a minority group within a national population. Recognition is based primarily on culture traits, such as religion, distinctive customs, or native or ancestral national origin.
51
Ethnoburb
A suburban ethnic enclave. Ethnoburbs differ from earlier urban ethnic enclaves in both their suburban location and middle-class status.
52
Gender
The socially created, not biologically based, distinctions between femininity and masculinity.
53
Ideological subsystem
The complex of ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and means of their communication that characterizes a culture.
54
Innovation
Introduction into an area of new ideas, practices, or objects; an alteration of custom or culture that originates within the social group itself.
55
Language family
A group of languages thought to have descended from a single, common ancestral tongue.
56
Lingua Franca
Any of the various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken.
57
Pidgin
An auxiliary language derived, with reduction of vocabulary and simplification of structure, from other languages. Not a native tongue, it is employed to provide a mutually intelligible vehicle for limited transactions of trade or administration. Creole is created if a pidgin becomes first language of a group of speakers
58
Possibilism
The philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which (within limits) people may choose according to their cultural needs and technological awareness.
59
Sociological subsystem
The totality of expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations common to a culture or subculture.
60
Spatial Diffusion
The outward spread of a substance, a concept, a practice, or a population from its point of origin to other areas.
61
Standard language
A language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue.
62
Syncretism
The development of a new form of, for example, religion or music, through the fusion of distinctive parental elements.
63
Technological subsystem
Material objects produced or used by a culture.
64
Toponymy
The place-names of a region or, especially, the study of place-names.
65
Traditional religion
A value system that involves formal or informal worship and faith in the sacred and divine.
66
Universalizing religion
A religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the conversion of all humankind.
67
Antecedent boundary
A boundary line established before the area in question is well populated.
68
Artificial (geometric) boundary
A boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude.
69
Centrifugal force
In political geography, a force that disrupts and destabilizes a state, threatening its unity. EX: an attack on a nation
70
Centripetal force
In political geography, a force that promotes unity and national identity. EX: A shared language or government
71
Cheifdom
Political organization with power vested within the group, the chief, and the specific places occupied by the group.
72
Compact state
A state whose territory is nearly circular. EX: Zimbabwe. Poland, Uruguay
73
Consequent boundary
74
Core area
75
Devolution
76
Electoral geography
77
Elongated state
A state whose territory is long and narrow. EX: Chile, Norway, and Malawi
78
Empire
79
Enclave
80
Ethnic cleansing
81
European Union
82
Exclave
83
Exclusive ecnomic zone
84
Feudal System
85
Fragmented state
86
Gerrymandering
87
Irredentism
88
Majoritarian system
89
Ministate
90
Nation
91
Nationalism
92
Nation-state
93
Natural boundary
94
Perforated state
95
Political geography
96
Prorupt state
A state of basically compact form that has one or more narrow extensions of territory. EX: Thailand, DR of the Congo
97
Regionalism
98
single-member plurality
99
State
100
Subnationalism
101
Subsequent boundary
102
Superimposed boundary
103
Supranationalism
104
Terrorism
105
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Geography 101 (1 decks)

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