Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Ethics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(44 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Clinical Trials

A

Scientific study that is designed to test medical treatments in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Goal of Clinical Trials

A

Knowledge (May result in more health)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of Clinical Trials that were studied

A
  • Polio vaccine trials on children
  • WWII experiments
  • Tuskegee syphilis
  • Willowbrook hepatitis testing
  • Vanderbilt testing radiation on pregnant women
  • MIT oatmeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 phases of research for clinical trials

A
  • Pre-trial
  • Phase I
  • Phase II
  • Phase III
    FDA APPROVAL
  • Phase IV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pre-trial clinical trials

A

Animal trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phase I clinical trials

A
  • Testing side effects and safe dosage
  • 20 to 100 people
  • Several months long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phase II clinical trials

A
  • Testing if it is safe and effective
  • 100 to 300 people
  • Several months to 2 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phase III clinical trials

A
  • Tests effectiveness and side effects again
  • 300 to 3000 people
  • 1 to 4 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If passed the first 3 phases for clinical trials

A

FDA approval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phase IV

A
  • Long term follow up
  • less than 10% of trials get here and move on
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Problems with clinical trials

A
  • Sponsors
  • Researchers
  • Participants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Problem 1 with clinical trials: Sponsors

A
  • Conflict of interest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Problem 2 with clinical trials: Researchers

A
  • Healer vs Researcher
  • Are you doing harm?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Problem 3 with clinical trials: Participants

A
  • Individual vs. Communal good
  • Is it okay to let an individual suffer to benefit many
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proposed solutions to Conflicts of interest in clinical trials

A
  • Double-blind experiments
  • disclosing conflicts of interest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Proposed solutions to Healer vs Researcher

A
  • In the control group, you give them the currently accepted most effective treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DDE and Experimentation

A

Intention: Cannot deliberately infect patients
Means to end: Always has to be met
Proportionality: Side effects cannot be worse than the cure
Intrinsic wrong: Have to have informed consent and privacy has to be preserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to stay true to Proportionality (experimentation)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Well-designed experiments
  • Minimize risks to patients
  • Permanent records
  • Public records
19
Q

How to stay true to Informed consent (experimentation)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • No huge incentives
  • No Authority pressures
  • Identify sponsors (known, unknown, disclosed)
20
Q

Paternalism

Study These Flashcards
A

Overriding someones decision making for there own good

21
Q

Strong Paternalism

Study These Flashcards
A

Overriding a persons actions or choices even though they are substantially autonomous

22
Q

Weak Paternalism

Study These Flashcards
A

Overriding someones decision who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished

23
Q

Limitations of paternalism

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cognitive: mental disabilities
  • Social: parental pressures, authority pressures
  • Psychological: denial, depression, and fear
24
Q

Reasons to be paternalistic

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Patients are not sound of mind
  • Autonomy is enabled when patients make the best choices
  • Patients are happier when choices are made for them
25
Autonomy
Rational capacity for self-government
26
Against Paternalism
- Physicians make bad decisions - People have a right to their own bodies/ a right to freedom
27
Standard for intervention
1) Harm principle 2) Best interest principle
28
Harm principle
- Do whatever results in the least harm to the patients
29
Best Interest principle
- Do whatever results in the best interest of the patient in all health fields
30
Conflict of the best interest principle
How do you weigh the values? - physicians have to be pretty sure to overrule parents
31
3 parts of truth-telling
- Informing - Lying - Whole truth
32
Truth-telling: Informing
- Tell the patient what they want to hear - Tell the patient what the hospital wants them to hear - Tell the patient what is best for them
33
Truth-telling: Lying
Never lie to the patient because they have a right to the truth and because they need to trust you
34
Informed consent
Affirmation of permission
35
Privacy
Right to have information protected that has not been made public and which the person would reasonably not want to be disclosed
36
Why is privacy important
- Allows you to establish relationships
37
Privacy right
The right to be left alone with respect to the information and is not all information it needs to meet two conditions
38
Two conditions to the privacy right
- Would reasonably not want info disclosed - If they were entirely reasonable would they want this information disclosed?
39
Defendants: Therapists
- Right to privacy - Frustrate treatment - If privacy not maintained violence increases
40
Plaintiffs: Tarasoffs
- physicians have a duty to warn - protective privilege ends where public peril begins
41
Standard intervention
when you
42
Conditions for Informed consent
- Patient is competent to decide - Physician discloses info adequately - Patient understands the situation - Patient has to decide voluntarily - Explicitly assents to treatment
43
What are rights issues raised for the patients in clinical trials?
Issues of informed consent or confidentiality
44
Best interest principle
Value based

Medical Ethics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions