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Psychopathology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that increase a person’s risk of having a disorder

A

Etiology

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2
Q

What are the two broad types of mood disorders?

A

-Only depressive symptoms
-Includes manic symptoms

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3
Q

Examples of depressive symptoms

A

Extreme sadness and hopelessness

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4
Q

Examples of manic symptoms

A

-intense feelings of euphoria/high energy -reckless behavior

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5
Q

What is Substance-Induced Depressive Disorder?

A

Caused by use of substances

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6
Q

What is Depressive Disorder due to Medical?

A

Caused by some type of medical issue/illness

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7
Q

What is an Other Specified Depressive Disorder?

A

Results from an unlisted stimulus

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8
Q

When is a person diagnosed with an Unspecified Depressive Disorder?

A

When they definitely have some form of depression but the cause is unknown, sort of a buffer

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9
Q

What are the types of symptoms (3) shown in depressive disorders?

A

-With anxious distress (some anxiety symptoms)
-With mixed features (some symptoms of mania during a depressed episode)
-With psychotic features (some delusions and hallucinations)

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10
Q

What is the course of depressive symptoms (2)?

A

-In partial remission
-In full remission

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11
Q

What are the different levels of severity of symptoms (3)?

A

-Mild
-Moderate
-Severe

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12
Q

What are the physical symptoms of depressive disorders (3)?

A

-Psychomotor sluggishness/agitation
-Neglect in appearance/hygiene
-Suicidal ideation, plans, or events

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13
Q

What are the general symptoms of a depressive disorder (3)?

A

-Viewing things in a negative light/hopelessness
-Difficulty concentrating/memory problems
-Sleep, appetite, weight, and sexual functioning disturbances

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14
Q

What is the difference between a depressive disorder and “typical/everyday” depression?

A

Sadness is a normal emotion that makes up “typical” depression, while a depressive disorder is a clinically significant disturbance, distress/disability, not simply a predictable response.

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15
Q

What is the biggest criticism of the DSM?

A

That it pathologizes grief

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16
Q

What is the difference between chronic Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and episodic MDD?

A

Chronic MDD occurs when a patient never reaches the remission stage while episodic is when the depressive symptoms dissipate over time.

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17
Q

What is a recurrent depressive disorder?

A

The idea that future depressive episodes are likely after onset.

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18
Q

What is the average number of depressive episodes?

A

Four

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19
Q

What is the controversy involved in diagnosing MDD (2)?

A

-There are over 200 ways to meet the diagnosis
-The cutoffs for symptoms are arbitrary

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20
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

A less severe (less symptom presentation), more chronic (longer lasting) version of MDD

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21
Q

What is the controversy behind Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

A

It attempts to legitimize the pain and suffering that people that menstruate may experience but could be viewed as stigmatizing towards those individuals.

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22
Q

Why are Bipolar Disorders called this?

A

Because most people will experience both depression and mania

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23
Q

What is mania?

A

State of intense elation or irritability

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24
Q

Give a few examples of symptoms of mania

A

-Loud, incessant remarks (jokes)
-Rapidly shifting topics (flight of ideas)
-Become more social/intuitive
-Overly confident/grandiose
-Decreased need for sleep (feeling rested after very few hours of sleep)
-Reckless behavior: speeding, overspending, sexual promiscuity

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25
What are DSM requirements for symptoms to be classified as mania (2)?
-Comes on suddenly (over 1-2 days) -Can't result from substance use
26
What are the traits of a manic episode (2)?
-Symptoms last for at least 1 week or require hospitalization -Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
27
What are the traits of a hypomanic episode?
-Symptoms last at least 4 days -Clear change in function that is observable to others but not completely impairing
28
What do most manic episodes purely consist of?
-Elevated mood -Increase in confidence -Reckless behaviors
29
What is the characteristic of Bipolar I?
At least one episode of mania
30
What is the characteristic of Bipolar II?
At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania
31
What is Cyclothymic Disorder?
A milder, more chronic form of bipolar disorder
32
Which form of Bipolar Disorder is among one of the most severe forms of mental illness? Why (4)?
Bipolar I -Hospitalization -Suicidality -Unemployment -Housing insecurity
33
What does the term "heterogeneous" mean?
People with the same disorder can look very different
34
True or False: Mood disorders are the most likely psychological disorders to run in families
True
35
Which neurotransmitters are affected by mood disorders (3)?
-Norepinephrine -Serotonin -Dopamine
36
Which depression theory grew out of the success of antidepressants?
The monoamine theory
37
What is the difference between the original and newer models of mood study?
The originals wrongly focused on absolute levels while the newer models focus on sensitivity.
38
What must be considered before diagnosing an anxiety disorder?
-Developmental (not chronological) age -Life circumstances
39
What is the key to abnormal levels of anxiety?
Functional impairment
40
What is the difference between anxiety and fear?
Anxiety is concern over a future threat while fear is a reaction to immediate danger.
41
What is the key behavior that characterizes anxiety?
Cautious or avoidant behaviors
42
When does "normal" anxiety become an anxiety disorder?
When it interferes with a person's life
43
What does it mean if something is somatic?
It is bodily or biological
44
How do anxiety disorders differ from one another?
In terms of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behaviors, and the associated thoughts.
45
What are Specific Phobias?
Disruptive fear of a particular object or situation that is out of proportion to any danger posed
46
What must be determined after someone is diagnosed with a Specific Phobia?
A subtype
47
What are the subtypes of Specific Phobia (5)?
Animal - dogs, snakes, spiders Natural environment - storms, heights, water Blood, injection, injury - medical procedures Situational - public transport, small spaces, tunnels Other - loud sounds, clowns
48
What characterizes social anxiety disorder (4)?
-More intense and impairing than shyness -Persistent, intense fear -Avoidance of social situations -Fear of negative evaluation or scrutiny
49
What are panic attacks?
Sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror, and feelings of impending doom
50
What is panic disorder?
Frequent panic attacks that are unrelated to specific situations (worry about future panic attacks)
51
What is Agoraphobia?
Anxiety about inability to flee anxiety-provoking situations like public spaces or crowds
52
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
Chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry
53
What is worry?
Cognitive tendency to dwell on a problem
54
What biological factors cause an anxiety disorder?
-Amygdala overactive -Medial prefrontal cortex overactive -HPA Axis overactive -Poor functioning of serotonin and GABA -Over-activity of norepinephrine
55
What model states that pairing of stimulus with aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) leads to fear
Two-factor model
56
What are the extensions of the Two-factor model (3)?
-Modeling -Verbal instruction -Those with anxiety acquire fear more readily
57
Why is a SCID used when assessing someone for Agoraphobia?
Helps with differential diagnosis which reduces comorbidity
58
What methods are used to treat anxiety disorders (2)?
-Medication -CBT
59
How is CBT used to treat an anxiety disorder?
-Must target specific source of anxiety or fear -May lead to discomfort, typically short-lived -Individual or group -Psychoeducation and relaxation training
60
How does cognitive therapy help treat anxiety?
Identifying, challenging, neutralizing/replacing unhelpful thoughts
61
How does exposure therapy work to treat anxiety?
Confronting fears and stopping avoidance
62
What is the exposure process when treating anxiety (3)?
-Psychoeducation -Relaxation -Avoidance/Fear Hierarchy
63
According to Frances, what are the 6 things that have affected ADHD diagnoses (6)?
-Wording changes in the DSM-IV -More drug ads -Media coverage -Pressure on parents to control their kids -Accommodations for students -Misuse of stimulants
64
What traits characterize Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (2)? Explain what these are
-Obsessions: Intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges -Compulsions: Impulse to repeat certain behaviors or mental acts to reduce distress
65
What are the DSM-5 criteria for OCD (3)?
-Obsessions, compulsions, or both -Time-consuming (require at least 1 hour per day), or cause clinically significant distress or impairment -Not attributable to a substance or another mental disorder
66
What are the treatment methods used for OCD?
-Medications (SSRIs) -Exposure plus response prevention (EX/RP)
67
What does Exposure plus response prevention (EX/RP) involve (4)?
-Exposure hierarchy -Refrain from ritualizing -Therapist modeling
68
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder characterized by (2)?
-Repetitive thoughts of imagined or exaggerated defects in appearance -Engagement in compulsive behaviors like checking mirrors often or camouflaging appearance
69
How is Body Dysmorphic Disorder differentiated from Eating Disorders?
It is not better explained by concerns about weight
70
What is Hoarding Disorder characterized by?
Repetitive thoughts regarding parting with one's possessions (specifically worthless objects)
71
What is Trichotillomania?
Repetitive pulling out of one's hair, resulting in hair loss despite repeated attempts to stop
72
What is Excoriation?
Repetitive picking at one's skin, resulting in skin lesions despite repeated attempts to stop
73
Which regions of the brain are hyperactive in patients with OCD (3)?
-Orbitofrontal cortex (decision-making) -Caudate nucleus (motor processes, inhibitory control) -Anterior cingulate
74
Is OCD also supported by the two-factor model?
Yes
75
What is PTSD?
Extreme and prolonged response to a severe stressor
76
What is Criterion A for PTSD?
Type of event, idea that you are exposed to the most traumatic type of event someone may be exposed to (ex. threat to life, sexual assault, etc.)
77
What are intrusion symptoms?
Sudden thoughts of the event
78
What is avoidance in PTSD?
Avoiding the place where the event took place or things that remind one of the event
79
What is PTSD characterized by (2)?
Alterations in mood and alterations in arousal which are present a month after the trauma occurs
80
What is Acute Stress Disorder?
A placeholder diagnosis for a person exhibiting PTSD symptoms which is put aside 1 month after the traumatic event
81
What is Adjustment Disorder?
Psychological response to a common stressor
82
How is PTSD treated (2)?
-Prolonged Exposure -Cognitive Processing Therapy
83
How is prolonged exposure used to treat PTSD?
-Psychoeducation -In vivo exposure/Fear Hierarchy -Relaxation -Imaginal exposure (in session and home)
84
How is Cognitive Processing Therapy used to treat PTSD?
-Psychoeducation -Identify and challenge unhelpful thinking -Trauma narrative
85
How are PTSD and OCD different?
PTSD involves thoughts of a specific trauma and other symptoms of PTSD. OCD involves intrusive thoughts that meet the criteria for obsession and present compulsions
86
What are the characteristics of Dissociative Disorder?
Dissociation, such as fragmentation of identity or inability to remember things about yourself - thought to be a protective avoidance response
87
What is Dissociative Amnesia?
Partial or total inability to recall important personal information
88
How is PTSD different from Dissociative Amnesia?
Is the memory loss restricted to details of the trauma (PTSD) or is it more global (DA)?
89
What is the Dissociative Fugue Subtype?
A far more extensive version of Dissociative Amnesia
90
What is Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder?
Person's perceptions or experiences are altered
91
What is Depersonalization?
Experiences of unreality
92
What is Derealization?
The world has become unreal
93
What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
Patient manifests two or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in taking control of a person
94
What characterizes a somatic symptom disorder?
Excessive concerns about physical symptoms
95
What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Multiple, current somatic symptoms with authentic suffering but no evident medical cause
96
What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?
Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness
97
What is Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder)?
Sensory or motor function impaired but no known neurological cause
98
What is psychosis?
Significant loss of contact with reality
99
What are delusions?
Belief held with strong conviction despite evidence to the contrary
100
What are hallucinations?
Sensory perception in the absence of stimulus
101
What could cause schizophrenia (4)
-Excess numbers of dopamine receptors and/or oversensitive dopamine receptors -Localized mainly in mesolimbic pathway -Issues during gestation or birth -Viral damage to fetal brain
102
What treatments are used to help patients with schizophrenia?
-Antipsychotic medications -Social skills training -Family therapy
103
According to Allen, what are the ambitions of the creators of the DSM?
-Base diagnosis on new science -Early detection/prevention -Make diagnosis more precise with numbers/spectrum
104
According to Allen, what are the issues that the creators of the DSM do not address?
-Focus on reliability -Avoided more practical questions -Unrepresentative samples -DSM is a moneymaker
105
What is Substance-Use Disorder?
Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms directly associated with ingesting a substance
106
Which classes of drugs does Substance-Use Disorder not apply?
9, all except for caffeine
107
What is the overarching criteria for Substance-Use Disorder?
Problematic pattern of use that leads to impairment
108
What are the two types of Substance-Induced Disorders?
-Substance Intoxication (applies to all except tobacco) -Substance Withdrawal (applies to all except inhalants and hallucinogens)
109
What are the 10 types of drugs?
-Caffeine -Alcohol -Marijuana -Tobacco -Opioids -Amphetamines -Methamphetamine -Cocaine -Hallucinogens -Inhalants -Sedative/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics -Other
110
What is the process of becoming a drug abuser?
-Positive attitude/Willingness to try -Experimentation -Regular use -Heavy use -Dependence or abuse

Psychopathology (3 decks)

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