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Sociology Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define socialization

A

It is the process where people learn attitudes, beliefs, values, and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture. It is learned through human interaction. It is also the process of teaching and learning our culture.

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2
Q

Examples of socialization

A

Learning from the TV, family, friends, and newspapers and asking questions about self-image such as “ Am I too tall?”

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3
Q

Debate between nature and nurture

A

It is the effect it has on human behavior

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4
Q

Define Nurture

A

It is learned behaviors, actions, and attitudes. It takes place after birth. Environment affects it. Who we are is an result from it.

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5
Q

Define Nature

A

It is beliefs, temperament, interests, and talents. Who we are depends on it.

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6
Q

Who is associated with the looking-glass self

A

Charles Horton Cooley

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7
Q

Define looking-glass self

A

It tells people what characteristics they see when they look in a mirror. Cooley expressed that people’s self-understanding was built based on their perception of how others view them.

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8
Q

Explain socialization of the life course

A

It displays socialization occurs in all stages of human life.

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9
Q

Examples of socialization of the life course

A

we never stop learning, transitioning from single to being married, and socializing into being elderly people

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10
Q

Define anticipatory socialization

A

It is the process where a person rehearses future social relationships, positions, and occupations

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11
Q

Example of anticipatory socialization

A

Being a college student

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12
Q

Define resocialization

A

It is unlearning or discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones. It can occur in moments of high stress.

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13
Q

Example of resocialization

A

Going into the Catholic Church and discarding all knowledge of the Mormon church.

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14
Q

Define social interaction

A

It is social actions between an individual or a group. It is important because in sociology we study human group and their behavior. It can be different between men and women, but we have also been socialized to learn different norms

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15
Q

Define social structure

A

It is when society is organized into predictable relationship.

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16
Q

Example of social structure

A

The student and professor relationship

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17
Q

List 4 elements of social structure

A

status, social roles, groups, and social institutions

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18
Q

Define status

A

It is a socially defined position within a large group it society from the lowest to highest position

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19
Q

List the 2 types of statuses

A

ascribed and achieved

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20
Q

List another status is

A

Master Status

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21
Q

Define Master status

A

It is a status that dominates all others and determines a person’s general position within society. It can be achieved or ascribed

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22
Q

Define Social Roles

A

They are sets of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status

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23
Q

List the types of social roles

A

role conflict, role strain, and role exit

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24
Q

Define role strain

A

It is when difficulties arise from different demands and expectations associated with the same social position

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25
Define role exit
It is learning a new role that is central to one's identity and then establishing a new one
26
Define role conflict
It occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person
27
Define groups
They are a number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly interact
28
List the types of groups
Primary, secondary, ingroups, outgroups, and reference
29
Define social institutions
They are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
30
Define Ascribed status
It is assigned to a person by society without regard to that person's unique talents or characteristics. They typically take place at birth
31
Example of ascribed status
somebody's ethnicity, age, sex, etc
32
Define achieved status
It comes through our efforts. We must do something to get it.
33
Example of achieved status
To be a student at SPC you had to apply and send test scores and pay
34
Example of master status
A student
35
Examples of a group
a fraternity or sorority
36
Examples of social institutions
replacing personnel like family, preserving order such as govt, keeping the public informed like the media
37
Define primary group
They are coined by Charles Horton Cooley, it is a small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation. They have long periods of duration, intimate, face-to-face, cooperative, and friendly.
38
Examples of primary group
street gangs, families living in the same house, etc
39
Define secondary group
They are formal impersonal groups where there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. They are large, short-duration meetings, have little social intimacy, and have superficial relationships, formal, and impersonal.
40
Examples of secondary groups
sociology classes, business associates, etc
41
Define ingroups
any group that people feel they belong to
42
Define out groups
It is a group that feels they do not belong
43
Define organization
It is a planed and purposeful action of human beings to construct a common product ( tangible or intangible)
44
Example of organization
Formal organization.
45
Define bureacracy
It is a component of a formal organization where rules and hierarchy ranking are used to achieve efficiency
46
Define formal organization
It is a special-purpose group designed and structured for maximum efficiency
47
Examples of formal organization
U.S postal office, Universities, etc
48
List the 5 elements of Weber's ideal type bureaucracy
division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications
49
Define division of labor
It is specialized experts that are employed in each position to perform specialized tasks
50
Define hierarchy of authority
It is when all these people answer to the people above them
51
Define written rules and regulations
It is every bureaucracy has rules and regulations of what they are expected to follow and gives roles to each employee
52
Define impersonality
It can be described as even though the rules are attended to give every employee roles it can be cold and impersonal
53
Define employment that is based on technical qualifications
It is being hired based on credentials and protects bureaucracy from favoritism
54
Define the Peter Principle
It is coined by Peter and Hall. It is when each employee within the hierarchy rises to their level of incompetence
55
Example of the peter principle
looking at your boss and wondering how they became your boss when they are as dumb as a rock
56
Define social control
It is the technique for preventing deviant behavior in society. It you fail to act properly you will be sanctioned
57
Examples of social control
your family having a curfew on you or laws
58
Define conformity
It is going along with peers so own status who have no special right to tell you what to do
59
Examples of conformity
Binge drinking or the Asch Test
60
Define obedience
It is compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
61
Example of obedience
When a police officer has lights and sirens behind you, you as the driver will pull over
62
Define the findings in the Stanley Milgrams study
If death camps were set up in the U.S today, sufficient personnel for those camps in medium-sized towns would be found easily. A small town is too personal and a big town is too impersonal
63
Define formal social control
It is control that authorized agents carry out
64
Examples of formal social control
doctors, military officers, police, school administrators,etc
65
Define informal social control
It is when we casually enforce norms
66
Examples of informal social control
someone opens the door fir you, and your response is " thank you", if someone farts in class you might move over, spanking, putting a child in time-out, grounding, and paying for things.
67
Define law
It is a form of government social control
68
Examples of laws
tax laws, hunting and fishing laws on Native Americans reservations, Marijuana laws, etc.
69
Define control theory
It is our connection to society leads us to conform to society's norms
70
Examples of control theory
Being bonded to family, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of society
71
Define deviance
It is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations in a group or society
72
Examples of deviance
sex before marriage, doing recreational drugs or prescribe drugs, not saying thank you.
73
List 5 explanations of deviance
Cultural transmission, differential association, routine activities theory, labeling theory, and control theory
74
Define cultural transmission
It is when one learns criminal behavior through criminal interactions with others
75
Define differential association
It can be exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts that leads to a violation of rules
76
Define routine activities theory
It is that criminal victimization is increased when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge
77
Define labeling theory
It is known as an approach to deviance by Howard Becker. It explains why certain people ar reviewed as deviant while others engaging in the same type of behavior ar enot
78
Define crime
Ir is a violation fo criminal law for which a penalty is imposed if there is no criminal law then there is no crime
79
Categories of crimes
murder, rape, robbery, assault, theft, burglary, arson, motor vehicle theft, etc
80
List 4 types of crime differentiated by sociologist
professional crimes, organized crimes, white collar and technology-based crimes, and victimless crimes
81
Define professional crimes
It is professional criminals who pursue crimes as a day-to-day operation and develop skills and techniques and earns a degree of status among other criminals
82
Define organized crimes
It is the work of a grouo that recognizes super enterprises.
83
Define white-collar and technology-based crimes
They are illegal acts committed during business by fluent respectable people
84
Define victimless crimes
It is the willing exchange among adults for desired illegal goods or services

Sociology Exam 2 (1 decks)

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