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forensic anthropology - ANTH 231 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

who can you estimate the sex of based on remains

A

adult male and females

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2
Q

whats the most reliable element for sex estimation

A

pelvis followed by the skull

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3
Q

female pelvis details

A
  • greater than 90 degree angle (subpubic bone)
  • sacrum is tilted back more
  • Illia is spread wider
  • generally bigger for childbirth
  • wide sciatic notches
  • ventral arc
  • concave subpubic concavity
  • ischiopubic ramus is pinched (if cut in half)
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4
Q

male pelvis details

A
  • less than 90 degree angle (subpubic bone)
  • sacrum is tilted forward
  • Ilia is closer together
  • small sciatic notches
  • convex subpubic concavity
  • ischiopubic ramus would be flat/broad (if cut in half)
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5
Q

metric assessment of the pelvis for sex estimation

A
  • no necessary
  • are difficult to obtain
  • not as accurate as morphological assessment
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6
Q

female skull details

A
  • gracile
  • sharp orbital border or supraorbital ridges are slight
  • round chin
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7
Q

male skull details

A
  • robust
  • supraorbital ridges are extreme
  • large canines
  • square chins
  • pronounced muscle attachment sites
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8
Q

metric analysis of the skull for sex estimation

A
  • less accurate/necessary compared to visual examination
  • requires skill in taking measurements
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9
Q

other bones to estimate sex

A
  • humerus head diameter
  • scapula width and height
  • femur head diameter
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10
Q

can subadults remains be sexed

A

no

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11
Q

how can you try to estimate developmental age

A
  • bone length
  • union of primary centers of ossification
  • tooth development and eruption
  • epiphyseal union
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12
Q

how to estimate degenerative age

A
  • pubic symphysis
  • auricular surface
  • sternal rib ends
  • cranial suture closure
  • also cortical bone remodeling or dental changes
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13
Q

bone length for estimating developmental age

A
  • good till about 5 years old
  • use long bones (fibula, tibia, femur…)
  • these lengths can be affected by nutritional status, disease (stunted growth)
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14
Q

union of primary centers of ossification for estimating developmental age

A
  • good till about 10 years old
  • fontanel fusion = soft spots on babies heads, these bones fuse at pretty standard times across board
  • structure fusion
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15
Q

tooth development and eruption for estimating developmental age

A
  • deciduous dentition (baby teeth)
  • partially form before birth
  • becomes bone by 10-11
  • permanent dentition
  • begins forming around birth
  • fully erupted at beginning of adulthood
  • teeth made of hydroxyapatite
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16
Q

epiphyseal union for estimating developmental age

A
  • hundreds of these in the body (where area of growth is in long bones)
  • fusion times are controlled genetically
  • this is useful around 10-25 years old
  • the degree of fusion is used
  • obliterated = can’t see fusion line anymore
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17
Q

what happens after puberty to your skeleton

A

deteriorates

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18
Q

microtrauma to bones

A
  • to pubic bones and ribs
  • tiny trauma caused by everyday life experiences to your bones
  • costal cartilage - attaches rib bones to sternum
  • pubic symphysis over time goes from beveled to smooth/flat
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19
Q

early pubic symphysis degenerative age estimation methods

A
  • Todd 1920
  • Relies mainly on descriptions
  • 10 stages, 5 year intervals
  • Didn’t work so well
  • McKern and Stewart 1957
  • Divides pubic symphysis into 3 areas: dorsal, ventral, and rim
  • Rarely used today
  • They only looked at white males though
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20
Q

later pubic symphysis degenerative age estimation methods

A
  • Suchey and Brooks 1990
  • Most often used today
  • Cast system = Made a cast of youngest and oldest pubic symphysis of each phase groups
  • divides into 6 phases of varying length
  • Based on modern autopsies of a variety of people
  • A morphological system
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21
Q

articular surface used to determine degenerative age

A
  • Articulation point between sacrum and ilium
  • Survives traumatic injury well
  • 5 aspects for examination
  • Very subtle area of estimating age
  • Texture changes
  • Retro auricular surface (behind the surface)
  • Apex “point of the ear”
22
Q

sternal rib ends to estimate degenerative age

A
  • made by Iscan et al 1984/5
  • right 4th rib used to develop technique, can apply to ribs 4-7
  • less precise than os coxa methods
  • features to look at = texture, contour, outer margin around the rib edge, rib contour
23
Q

cranial suture closure for estimating degenerative age

A
  • technique made by Meindl and Lovejoy in 1985
  • ectocranial and endocranial (inside/outside)
  • where bones of skull meet
  • looking at the degree of closure
  • less precise than os coxa method
  • complete fusion doesn’t complete till 80 years old if ever
24
Q

cortical bone remodeling for estimating degenerative age

A
  • not used often
  • most accurate/precise age estimation for adults
  • least common because of its destructive nature for bones
  • take thin section of femur at mid shaft and cut it in half
  • then cut into little section and sand down to one osteon thick
  • make wet mount and view on slide
  • look at ratio of whole osteons (secondary) and primary osteons (first to form when growing and replaced)
25
Q

dental attrition for estimating degenerative age

A
  • last ditch method
  • look at tooth wear
  • is population/culture specific
  • not seen as much in modern populations
26
Q

dental traits to look at for estimating degenerative age

A
  • Cementum (outer covering of tooth roots) apposition
  • Count rings of cementum like rings in a tree
  • Root transparency
  • Root becomes more transparent with age
  • Root resorption
  • Roots will resorb as you get older, there is a loss of the tip of the root
  • Can only give you a vague young, middle, or old grouping
27
Q

whats anthroposcopy

A
  • Observing visually discernible differences between groups
  • This can only be done on adults
  • Children haven’t developed their facial skeletal structure yet
28
Q

cranial traits to observe for ancestry estimation

A
  • Only use the cranium for ancestral estimation
  • Nose
  • Face
  • Vault
  • Jaws and teeth
29
Q

observing the root of the nose

A
  • where the nasal bones meet the frontals
    White - high and narrow
    black - low ridged, broad
    Native american/Asian traits fall in between
30
Q

observing the bridge of the nose

A
  • ridge of bone formed by the nasals
    White - high and arched
    Black - low and sloped
    Native american/Asian traits fall in between
31
Q

observing the spine of the nose

A
  • projection at the inferior nasal border
    White - very pronounced
    Black - almost non existent or very tiny
    Native american/Asian traits fall in between
32
Q

observing the lower border of the nose

A
  • the nasal sill
    White - very sharp sill, almost a projection
    Black - have more of a “gutter”, looks scooped out
    Native american/Asian = sharp but not protruding
33
Q

observing shape and size of the nose

A

White - teardrop shape, long, narrow nasal apertures
Black - short, round, wide, nasal apertures
Native american/Asian traits fall in between

34
Q

Prognathism

A
  • the projection of the maxilla in front of the nasal spine
  • How far in front of the base of your nose does your upper jaw extend
    White = “flat face”, almost no projection
    Black = more projection
    Native american/Asian = smaller
35
Q

width and shape of face

A

White and black = very narrow faces
Native american/Asian = wide faces
*Caused by forward projection of zygomatic bones (cheek bones)

36
Q

eye orbits

A
  • the socket for the eye
    White = have a angular shape, almost rectangle, with a downward projection
    Black = more rectangular, not tilted
    Native american/Asian = round appearance
37
Q

orbital border

A

the ring of strengthened bone along the eye orbit

38
Q

things to observe in the vault for ancestry estimation

A
  • Post bregmatic depression
  • Wormian bones
  • Inca bone
  • Suture complexity
39
Q

post bregmatic depression

A
  • a slight concavity posterior to Bregma
  • Bregma is junction of sagittal and coronal suture of skull
  • Small dip from side profile view on top of skull
40
Q

Wormian bones

A

intrasuture bones (grow in sutures do to their complexity)

41
Q

inca bone

A
  • a separation bone found at Lambda
  • Very common in descendants of Incan operations
  • Caused by failure of some suture formation
42
Q

Suture complexity

A

White = sutures are not as squigled
Native american/Asian = very squigled sutures

43
Q

crowding of the teeth related to ancestry

A

Very common in whites because jaws are not as long (prognathism)

44
Q

dental arch related to ancestry

A
  • the shape of the alveolar bone (the part that holds the teeth)
    White = has parabolic shape/dental arch, narrow base, high arch, posterior shape are not parallel
    Native american/Asian = elliptical shape, posterior shape are not parallel, very short dental arch
    Black = teeth are more parallel, almost squared off shape
45
Q

incisor shape related to ancestry

A
  • Spatulate shaped incisors
  • Shovel shaped incisors = common native american characteristic
46
Q

estimating ancestry without the cranium

A
  • Very little difference between the groups
  • Only slightly reliable characteristic is femoral curvature
  • white/asians = more curved
  • Black = straight
47
Q

metric analysis for estimating ancestry

A
  • use ForDisc 3.0
  • Takes measurements and compares to thousands of individuals
  • Is hard, have to know how to do it and get good data for good results
48
Q

different ways to start estimating stature

A
  • Lay the cadaver out on the table = Soft tissue shrinkage alters estimation, Shrinkage caused by dehydration to the body
  • Hang the cadaver by the ears = Can increase measurements by 2 inches, Maximizes all extension of joints etc
  • Lay bones on the table = All significant bones must be present, Logistical problems of disarticulated skeletons, Difficult to reproduce in vivo intrabone spacing
49
Q

Problems with stature estimation

A
  • Mismeasurement of the living = Interobserver error
  • Stature varies with time of day = You are taller in the morning
  • Secular changes = We are taller than earlier generations
  • Lies = People lie when asked about height and weight
50
Q

Fully method to estimate stature

A
  • Rarely used
  • Uses summed heights of skull, vertebra, femur, tibia, and ankle (Has an adjustment for soft tissue)
  • Accurate within ½ inch
  • Problems = Time consuming, Requires several elements, Only used white males in method development
51
Q

Trotter and Gleser method for estimating stature

A
  • Can use any of the long bones = Legs more accurate than arms, requires one long bone to make estimation, best to use is the femur
  • Developed on over 5000 skeletons = inclusive study
  • groups differ in body proportions = Requires knowledge of sex and ancestry, Woman tend to have longer torsos and shorter legs, and opposite for men, small differences in proportions based on racial group/culture
  • Age correction = 0.06 cm per year reduction after 30 years old, Your vertebral disc soften at this age because of hormonal change
52
Q

Regression analysis for estimating stature

A
  • Y = mx + b
  • Plot on a graph that shows correlation
  • Have to know sex and ancestry in order to use correct equation to find stature

forensic anthropology - ANTH 231 (1 decks)

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