Exam 2

Question 1

Process of transforming the world towards greater independence and intergration

Answer 1

Globalization

Question 2

Shift from primarily informal and expressive folk games, to formal activities of modern sport

Answer 2

Sportification (informal —> formal)

Question 3

International sport transformed from events between individuals to event between nations

Answer 3

Totalization of sport (expanding comp)

Question 4

Two political economic forces shaping globalization

Answer 4

1. Globalization from above
   - neoliberal, race to the bottom
   - powerful, wealthy influential people
2. Globalization from below
   - striving for economic fairness, political, democracy, social rights, environmental protection
   - gay games, par Olympics
   - inclusion

Question 5

One way process which one culture is imposed on another

Answer 5

Homogenization/ Americanization

Question 6

Fusion of cultural elements rather than only one predominant culture

Answer 6

Hybridization

Question 7

Western and non western cultures moving in a dichotomous manner and producing division between cultural worlds

Answer 7

Polarization

Question 8

Principles of McDonald’s coming to dominate more cultures

Answer 8

McDonaldization

Question 9

5 Arjun appadurais cultural scapes

Answer 9

Ethnoscapes —> people
Mediascapes —> news, entertainment
Technoscapes —> science, medicine, technology
Finanscapes —> money
Ideoscapes —> ideologies

Question 10

Ex of globalization from above and from below

Answer 10

Above
- Nike sweatshops
- world athletics
- olympics (IOC)

Below
- anti Nike sweatshop protest
- gay games
- paralympics

Question 11

3 cultural forces shaping globalization

Answer 11

• homogenization (Americanization)
• hybridization
• polarization

Question 12

A society that occupies a territory
Community of people sharing a common identity

Answer 12

Nation

Question 13

• Social process of collective identity formation, brings national identities and political control into alignment
• Your identification with that country
• imagined because you cant physically meet everyone

Answer 13

Nationalism

Question 14

When nationalism is reflected through sport

Answer 14

Sport nationalism

Question 15

Imperialism vs colonialism

Answer 15

Imperialism - dominant interests of one nation claims materials of other nation (the idea)

Colonialism- dominating another nation, implanting settlements on other’s territory (the action/practice)

Question 16

3 nationalisms

Answer 16

1. Ethnic
2. Civic
3. Social

Question 17

Ethnic nationalism

Answer 17

• exclusive
• nation created by a shared ethnic/cultural identity (common religion, language, traditions)
• government must identify with a certain group and represent them

Question 18

Civic nationalism

Answer 18

• inclusive
• anyone can became a member
• peopel are defined by their citizenship
• no pre-determined characteristics that you must have
• ex: canada because its culturally diverse

Question 19

Social nationalism

Answer 19

Stresses the shared sense of national identity, community, culture
- outsiders can join and adapt
- more open and fluid

Question 20

The 3 nationalisms are based on:

Answer 20

1. Telling stories about the past
2. Constructing national mythology (who they are, where they came from)
3. Inventing traditions

Question 21

Politics vs gov vs state

Answer 21

Politics - organizes the power
Gov - has the power
State - applies the power

Question 22

Canadian nationality law vs Korean nationality law

Answer 22

Canadian - you can have multiple citizenships
Korean - you cant have multiple citizenships

Question 23

5 political uses of sport

Answer 23

1. Propaganda
2. Nationalism
3. Opiate of the masses (calms uncertainty)
4. Exploitation of athletes
5. Societal change

Question 24

Efforts to premote change

Answer 24

Activism

Question 25

Two types of social problems

Answer 25

1. Norm violations —> drug abuse, teen pregnancy 2. System bias —> sexism, racism

Question 26

Activism in sport - sport promoting change vs sport reflecting change

Answer 26

Promoting (events) - 1968 olympics - Katherine switzer marathon - Billie jean and bobby riggs tennis match Reflects (changes that come from them) - indigenous teams changing names and mascots - equiptment and training techniques changing - more exercise for old people

Question 27

Describe 5 typologies of sport labour migration

Answer 27

Pioneers - glorify their sports, live laugh love their sport Settlers - bring sports with them and settle in that society Mercenaries - motivated by short term gains, “hired guns”, not here for the right reasons, auntie with Mercedes Nomads - cosmopolitan, hoppers Returnees - they come back

Question 28

Jus Sanguinis vs jus soli citizenship laws

Answer 28

Sanguinis - rights of blood - citizenship based on nationality of parents/family - exclusive - gender Soli - rights of soil - citizenship based on the country they were born in - inclusive

Question 29

3 levels of sporting migration

Answer 29

1. Within nation 2. Between nations, in same continent 3. Between nations, different continent

Question 30

4 problems with sports and environment

Answer 30

1. Intergenerational inequity - future generations are effected by the actions of current generations 2. Intragenerational inequity - impacts of climate change are felt unequally across the world (canada vs china) 3. Trans frontier inequity - environmental activities happening in one place impacts other places as well 4. Inter species inequity - our actions effect plants and animals

Question 31

What are some ways that the environment can effect sports

Answer 31

- 13 major stadiums will be under water by 2100 - shorter ski seasons - athlete health being effected by air pollution

Question 32

How will the environment effect the future of the Winter Olympics

Answer 32

- now becoming too warm for snow machines to be effective - hosting countries are now warmer in February

Question 33

Corporate environmentalism

Answer 33

Industry lead techniques and strategies for dealing with environmental issues

Question 34

Green sports alliance

Answer 34

A movement to make sports more sustainable