Exam #2 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
The vocal apparatus involves the coordination of about
A
100 muscles
2
Q
The CNS (the body’s master control unit) is made up of ….
A
Spinal cord
Brain stem
Brain (hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain)
3
Q
The peripheral NS (the body’s link to the outside world) is made up of…
A
The autonomic NS (involuntary processes) and the somatic NS (voluntary movements)
4
Q
What set of neurons are we concerned with in speech?
A
Efferent neurons (it has to do with muscular movements)
5
Q
A neuron is a ….
A
Cell
6
Q
What does the myelin sheath do?
A
It facilitates transmission of electrical impulses from the dendrites to the synaptic knob
7
Q
The axon is…
A
the extension of the neuron cell body that forms a synapse with another neuron or muscle fiber.
8
Q
Dendrites are ….
A
fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body. Like antennae, dendrites receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons.
9
Q
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
A
A periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
10
Q
What are Synaptic knobs responsible for?
A
Mediating the functional link between neurons as well as other cells in the body. The synapses are responsible for connecting the axons and dendrites of neighbouring neurons.
11
Q
What is the axon terminal?
A
The nerve terminal is a specialized region of a neuron, separated from the neuronal soma by an axon that can be exceedingly long, whose function is to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by the axon.
12
Q
What are the four lobes of the brain & their functions?
A
Frontal lobe − It is responsible for cognitive functions such as attention, thinking, memory, reasoning and learning. It also inhibits the autonomic and emotional responses.
Parietal lobe − It is mainly concerned with cutaneous sensations and their coordination with visual and auditory sensations.
Temporal lobe − It processes the auditory information.
It also helps in understanding of speech and written language and memorising symbolic sounds and words.
Occipital lobe − It interprets visual impulses, memorises visual stimuli and helps in colour visual orientation.
13
Q
Nerves are…
A
Groups of cell bodies that have the same function
14
Q
What is grey matter?
A
A collection of cell bodies
15
Q
What is white matter ?
A
A collection of axons
16
Q
Motor neurons in the cortex are…
A
Upper motor neurons
17
Q
Trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V) involves the…
A
Ophthalmic nerve: innervation of face, skull & nasal cavity
Maxillary nerve: innervation of teeth & palate
Mandibular nerve: sensory & innervation of muscle of mastication
MANDIBLE (CN V): at rest, open (pressure), close (pressure), sensitivity, lateralization, protrusion, retraction
18
Q
What is the facial nerve (CN VII) in charge of?
A
Sensory & motor innervation of facial movement & expression
Lips (CN VII): at rest, protrusion, retraction, repetitive protrude/retract, puff cheeks, strength, sensitivity )
19
Q
What are the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) & Vagus nerve (CN X) in charge of?
A
Motor innervation of all tongue musculature
Tongue (CN XII, CN X): at rest, protrusion (strength), stick up (strength), stick down (strength), lateralization (strength0, recursion (strength)
20
Q
Which muscle is in charge of tongue protrusion?
A
Genioglossus muscles (CN XII)
21
Q
Which muscles retract the tongue?
A
Hypoglossus & styloglossus muscles (CN XII)
22
Q
Which muscles are responsible for elevation of posterior portions of the tongue?
A
Palatoglossus muslces (CN X)
23
Q
What are the cranial nerves involved in speech systems??
A
CN V- Trigeminal nerve
CN VII- Facial nerve
CN IX- Glosspharyngeal nerve
CN X- Vagus nerve
CN XI- Accessory nerve
CN XII- Hypoglossal nerve
24
Q
What are the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) & vagus nerve (CN X) in charge of???
A
Motor innervation of the pharynx (CN IX & CN X)
Velum: at rest (CN IX), prolonged “ah” (CN X), repetitive “ah” (CN X)
25
Problem with velar control would have the sound “ah” sound like…
“Mmm”
26
What is the accessory nerve (CN XI) in charge of?
Innervation of intrinsic musculature of the larynx, pharyngeal constriction & neck & shoulder movements
27
We connect the Upper motor neurons with lower motor neurons & peripheral systems by a …
Tract
28
The tracts usually…
-Run bilaterally from each hemisphere of the brain to peripheral bodily parts
-Terminates at different junctures
-Are neural pathways that are located in the brain & spinal cord
29
The pyramidal tract…
-Originates from motor corticosteroids & other brain regions
-Transits through the brain to the spinal cord
-Conscious control of the bulbar & other body muscles
30
The extra pyramidal tract…
Originates from the brain stem
Transits through the spinal cord
Is in charge of unconscious, reflexive or responsive control of musculature (muscle tone, balance, posture & locomotion)
31
The pyramidal tract is made up of…
-Corticobulbar tract
-Corticospinal tract
32
What is the Corticobulbar tract?
-Connect the upper motor neurons w/ the lower motor neurons
-Efferent nerve fibers from motor cortices
-Conducts impulses from motor cortices to cranial nerves
-innervation cranial nerves that controls speaking & swallowing
33
What is the corticospinal tract?
-efferent nerve fibers from motor cortices
-descends to the spinal cord
-voluntary control of bodily parts excluding the bulbar musculature
34
The auditory cortices…
Decode speech signals
35
Speech is…
Sound waves made through modification of airstream generated during speech breathing
36
Speech breathing is…
The regulation of breathing for voice & speech production (not all forms of breathing supports voice & speech production)
37
Breathing involves…
Inhalation/inspiration & Exhalation/ expiration
38
What is inhalation/inspiration?
Movement of air into upper/lower airways
39
What is exhalation/expiration?
Movement of air out of upper/lower airways
40
Density is…
How closely molecules are packed
41
Air pressure is…
The measure of force exerted by molecules on a unit of area
42
Volume is…
3-dimensional space occupied by matter
43
Temperature is…
Kinetic theory (energy) of gas molecules
44
What is Boyle’s law?
The inverse relationship between volume & pressure given a constant temperature & mass
-increase in volume associated with decrease in pressure temperature given a constant temperature & mass
-decrease in volume associated with an increase in pressure temperature given a constant temperature & mass
45
Breathing is….
Pressure difference due to change in volume of the lungs during breathing
-Boyle’s law underlies fluid (gas/liquids) flow from high to low pressure as a function of volume
-Expansion of the lungs increases its volume & results in a drop in pressure (negative pressure) relative to atmospheric pressure (positive pressure)
-Molecules move from high to low pressure
46
Explain the process of inhalation
The lungs fill & as volume increases the pressure decreases, then air volume starts to build up & thats when the air molecules outside the body goes into the lungs
47
Exhalation happens when…
Air molecules in your lungs are more than the atmospheric pressure around you and that’s when exhalation happens because you are trying to equalize the pressure
48
Air molecules going into the lungs would be ______ pressure
Negative
49
Air rushing into lungs causes _______ pressure
Positive
50
What is pascal’s law?
Pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere
Therefore…
Pressure in lungs= pressure in alveoli
51
The pulmonary system is made up on the …
Trachea + Lungs
52
What encloses the pulmonary systems?
The thoracic cavity
53
Muscles are _____ tissues
Contractile
54
Muscle tone is…
-The natural resting tension of a muscle
-Low level muscle activity when not contracted to do work
55
What are the types of muscle movement??
Isotonic
Isometric
Concentric
Eccentric
56
Isotonic muscle movement is…
Unopposed muscle contraction
57
Isometric muscle movement is…
Opposed muscle contraction
58
Concentric muscle movement is…
Isotonic movement that results in movement of skeletal parts
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Eccentric muscle movement is…
Partially opposed muscle contraction
60
Work done via muscle contraction is a function of ____
Load (internal & external body forces acting on a set of muscles)
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Muscle work is categorized by…
Agonist
Antagonist
62
What is agonist muscle work??
Contracts to achieve a given movement
Prime mover- primarily responsible for the given movement
Synergist- supports the prime mover(s)
63
What is antagonist muscle work?
Opposes contraction of another muscle
64
The muscles of breathing are…
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
65
During inhalation the diaphragm _______
Contracts (moves down)
66
During exhalation the diaphragm _____
Relaxes (moves up)
67
Some factors that control lung volume change…
-Linkage between lungs & thoracic cavity
-Restorative forces (elastic recoil forces of lungs)
-Gravity
-Torque of rib cartilage
-Restoration of thoracic expansion
68
Quiet breathing involves:
Diaphragm contracts —> relaxed abdominal muscles stretch & abdomen bulges
Diaphragm relaxes—> abdominal muscles recoil elastically & abdomen returns to resting position
69
Total Lung capacity (TLC) is…
The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold
70
Vital capacity (VC) is…
Maximum volume of air exhaled from the lungs after maximum inhalation
71
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is…
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after reaching the end of a tidal expiration IC = TV + IRV
72
Tidal volume (TV) is…
Volume of air exchanged during a full cycle of breathing
Tidal breathing: tidal volume of the lungs is 15% of vital capacity
73
Residual volume (RV) is…
Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
74
Functional reserve volume (FRC) is…
Volume of air in the lungs after a passive exhalation (3 L in normal lungs)
75
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is…
Amount of air that could still be inhaled
76
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is…
Amount of air that could still be exhaled
77
Forced inhalation is …
-Inhalation of greater volume of air
- > 60% of vital capacity
-greater contraction of diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
-greater contraction of synergistic muscles
78
Forced exhalation is…
-air is expelled faster than during tidal breathing
-contraction of internal intercoastal muscles
-contraction of abdominal muscles
-exhalation is active
79
Quiet breathing is…
Inspiration ~40% + ~60% Expiration
80
Speech breathing is…
Inspiration ~10% + ~90% Expiration
81
During inspiration for quiet (tidal) breathing vs. speech breathing …
1. The volume of air inspired during speech breathing is greater than the volume of air inspired during quiet breathing
2. Degree of automaticity of control: active inspiration & volume change during speech production vs. reflexive inspiration & volume change during quiet breathing
2. Inspiration for speech comprises less of the total respiratory cycle than quiet
82
Differences between for quiet (tidal) breathing vs. speech breathing …
-The volume of air expelled during speech breathing is greater than the volume of air expelled during quiet breathing.
-Passive expiratory forces are not sufficient for speaking & singing. Active control of expiratory forces
-Word/phrase groups determine the duration of expiration.
-Modification of expelled air through the vocal folds in speech breathing
-Increased subglottal pressure during speech breathing relative to quiet breathing
83
Biomechanics of speech breathing in voice & motor speech disorders
1. Paradoxical breathing
• Contraction of both internal & external intercostal muscles when inhaling
• Reversing the mechanics of normal breathing
2. Insufficient generation aerodynamic energy
3. Inefficient use of aerodynamic energy
4. Incoordination between abdominal & thoracic respiratory systems
84
The biomechanics of breathing are…
Forces that regulate breathing kinematics
Active force: muscle contraction of diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
Passive (restorative) forces: elastic recoil forces of lungs, gravity, torque of rib cartilage & surface tension of alveoli
Passive/ restorative forces= relaxation/rebound pressure
85
Relaxation pressure…
Ability of restorative forces to return or rebound the lungs, elastic system, to their state of rest or equilibrium
Positive relaxation pressure —> negative lung volume (lung volume > resting volume)
negative relaxation pressure —> positive lung volume (lung volume equal to or less than resting volume)
86
Internal demands of our body…
Body type
Posturing
Speech breathing personality
Respiratory demand
87
External demands of communication…
Cognitive-linguistic features
88
Body mass impacts diaphragm ______
Contraction
Overweight individuals recruit more muscle effort than those with lesser body weight
89
Posturing means…
Sitting upright is optimal for speech breathing (allows for optimal interactions of restorative forces)
-Spine curvature constrains lung expansion during speech breathing
-Lying flat reduces the resting volume of the lungs
90
Speech breathing personality:
Clavicular breathing (chest/high/pear-shaped up breathing)
-adaptive breathing strategy for persons with impaired diaphragm control due to neural damage
Diaphragmatic breathing
-optimal mode of breathing
-diaphragm & abdominal support for speech breathing
91
Respiratory demand
-Context-dependent metabolic demand (speaking while exercising v. speaking when sitting upright on a chair)
-Homeostatic metabolic control (hyperventilation v. hypoventilation)
92
Some Cognitive & linguistic variables are…
-Grammatic & semantic boundaries influence timing of inspiration
-Duration of word retrieval
-Word & phrase length
-Cognitive load
93
Work is…
Force exerted over a distance
94
Airflow is…
Movement of air molecules through an enclosed space per unit of time
-airflow is a function of pressure between 2 regions
-driving pressure is pressure differential between 2 regions of pressure
-airflow directly proportional to driving pressure
95
Resistance is…
Opposition to movement
96
What is airway resistance?
-Function of diameter(lumen) of tube/enclosed space
-Inverse relationship between resistance & airflow
97
What is laminar vs. turbulent airflow ?
Laminar airflow: direction of large portion of airflow is parallel to tube axis
turbulent airflow: direction of large portion of airflow is not parallel to tube axis
98
What is elastic resistance?
Work needed to prevent tissue from springing back to its resting state once deformed
99
What is viscosity?
Measure of internal friction of a liquid
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate
Friction: the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another
100
The larynx houses the ___________
Vocal folds (the source of phonation)
101
Other biological functions of the larynx are…
-Controlling flow of air into & out of the lungs
-Prevent foreign objects (food, water , etc.) from entering the lungs
-Aids in swallowing
-Enable buildup of pressure within the thorax for functions like coughing, vomiting, defecating, & lifting heavy objects
102
Maximal abduction of Vocal folds is good for…
Breathing
103
Maximal adduction of Vocal folds is good for…
-Protection of the respiratory system
-Epiglottis prevents foreign objects as well
104
Approximation (partial adduction) of the vocal folds is good for…
Phonation
105
The larynx is made up _______, __________, _________.
-Cartilages (tough flexible tissues that line joints/structure to larynx)
-Ligaments (fibrous tissues connecting bones to other bones providing stability)
-Muscles (composed of bundles of muscle fibers specialized to contract & relax in response to signals from NS)
106
The larynx is made up of ______ cartilages
6 cartilages; 3 paired & 3 unpaired
Unpaired: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid cartilage
Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilage
107
What do Extrinsic muscles do?
Moves larynx as a unit
Suprahyoid muscle groups, stylopharyngeus muscle groups, & infrahyoid muscle groups
108
What do intrinsic muscles do?
Moves individual units in the larynx
Thyroarytenoid (vocalis) muscle, cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, transverse arytenoid muscle, oblique arytenoid muscle
109
What are the two methods for transforming airflow into speech?
1. Air pressure to set elastic vocal folds into vibration (vibrations produce quasiperiodic sound waves called phonation)
2. Modification of airflow from the larynx to upper vocal tract (result in noises-aperiodic sound waves, bursts, hisses)
110
Vocal folds are the source of ________
Phonation
111
What is the myoelastic aerodynamic theory??
Changes in muscles (myo-) elasticity & tension that effect the rate of vibration due to airflow (aerodynamics) from the lungs
112
The Bernoulli principle explains ….
The sudden pressure drop in-between the vocal folds
113
Men have _______ & _______ vocal folds
Large & long vocal folds
114
Phonatory mode is _______& _______ of vocal folds
Approximation & vibration of vocal folds
115
Myoelastic means…
Ways in which the muscles change their elasticity & tension to effect changes in rate of vibration of vocal folds
116
Rate of vibration = rate of _______ & ________ of the vocal folds per second
Open & closing
117
F0 is the …..
Natural frequency of the vibration
118
Women have _____ & _______ vocal folds compared to me
Smaller & shorter
119
Children have _________ & _________ vocal folds compared to adults
Smaller & shorter
120
Muscles regulate the ______ & _______ of vocal folds
The thickness & tension
121
What is the glottis?
V shaped space in-between abducted vocal folds
122
Phonation is initiated by _______ pressure
Subglottal
123
Subglottal air pressure is _____ approximated vocal folds
Below
124
Phonation occurs when ….
Subglottal air pressure > air pressure above the VF’s
125
Phonation is facilitated by the _______
Bernoulli effect
126
The Bernoulli principle describes the _____ relationship between speed/velocity of fluids (gas+liquid) & the pressure it exerts
Inverse
Increase in fluid velocity —> decrease in pressure it exerts
Pressure is perpendicular to direction of airflow
127
The Bernoulli effect on phonation occurs when…
-Passage of Subglottal air pressure through approximated VF’s
-Increase in speed of airflow through approximated VF’s
-prior step leads to decrease in pressure in the glottal space
-decrease in pressure facilitates closure of upper layer of the VF’s
-closure transitions to lower layer of the VF’s
128
Phonation is “largely” a function of ______, ______, _____
Subglottal pressure, Bernoulli effect, elasticity of the VF’s
129
The human voice is a _____ tone
Complex tones made of multiple periodic waves
130
Increase in Subglottal pressure, while everything remains constant, _______ intensity but not frequency
Increases
131
Information is heard first decoded in ______ …
Auditory cortex, then decoding suprasegmental aspects of speech-prosodies & time in wernicke’s area , then message sent to Broca’s area and ends up in the motor cortex
