Exam 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
the tissues of the cereal grain are… (in order from outside to inside)
A
seed coat, pericarp, aleurone
2
Q
where do ribosomes occur?
A
cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts
3
Q
the part of celery that is eaten
A
petiole
4
Q
development of stamens requires which genes?
A
B+C
5
Q
where is ADP phosphorylated to ATP?
A
thylakoid membrane
6
Q
arrangement of cell structures from inside to outside (cytosol, plasma membrane, secondary and primary cell walls)
A
cytosol, plasma membrane, secondary cell wall, primary cell wall
7
Q
family containing sweet fruits
A
Rosaceae
8
Q
fungi can be
A
symbionts, parasites, saprophytes
9
Q
what food did not originate in north america
A
sweet potato
10
Q
what part of brussels sprouts are eaten?
A
lateral bud
11
Q
current CO2 gas level in atmosphere
A
420 ppm
12
Q
which are polymers of glucose?
A
glycogen, starch, cellulose
13
Q
how long ago did agriculture originate?
A
10,000 years
14
Q
what was the world population when agriculture originated?
A
5 million
15
Q
which of the following fruits is not a citrus? (mango, orange, lime, grapefruit)
A
mango
16
Q
which of the following is not a member of the genus Brassica? (spinach, turnip, cauliflower, brussels sprouts)
A
spinach
17
Q
which plant originated in africa? (oats, rye, triticale, teff)
A
teff
18
Q
describe the symplast pathway
A
“A molecule of water passes through the cell wall of an epidermal cell and through the plasma membrane. It diffuses through the cytosol of the epidermal cell and passes through a plasmodesma into a cell of the cortex. It travels through the cytosol and plasmodesmata of the cortex, endodermis and pericycle. Finally, it travels through the wall of a xylem cell and into the lumen of that cell.”
19
Q
an ion traveling across a plant tissue in the symplast would pass through…
A
cytosol and plasmodesmata (no intercellular spaces or cell walls)
20
Q
what is it called when the stalks of cereals are bent over and cannot return to an upright position?
A
lodging
21
Q
beta vulgaris is the source of the following vegetables:
A
beets, mangold wurzel, swiss chard
22
Q
what tissue occurs below the cotyledons?
A
hypocotyl
23
Q
celeriac is formed from…
A
shoot, hypocotyl, roots
24
Q
how much water is needed to produce a walnut?
A
5 gallons
25
what is corn silk made of?
stigma, style, pollen tube
26
how are date palms propagated?
from suckers at the tree base
27
how are date palms fertilized?
artificially
28
are date palms monoecious (male and female flowers on the same plant) or dioecious (male and female flowers on different plants)?
dioecious
29
which of the following taxa contains monocot plants? (fabaceae, solanaceae, poaceae, rosaceae)
poaceae
30
what does the suffix -aceae indicate?
family
31
does an etiolated seedling contain chloroplasts or proplastids?
proplastids
32
has an etiolated seedling been exposed to red light?
no
33
vitamin A is needed for...
vision, immune system, protection against scurvy
34
glycolysis occurs where?
in the cytosol
35
rickets (abnormal bone development) results from a deficiency of what?
calcium
36
what part of the plant is eaten for Kohlrabi?
the stem base
37
do C4 plants do photorespiration?
no
38
do C4 plants capture CO2 efficiently?
yes
39
which hormone promotes seed germination?
gibberellin
40
which hormone promotes dormancy?
abscisic acid
41
which hormone promotes fruit ripening?
ethylene
42
which hormone promotes growth?
auxin
43
what organelle is in plant cells but not animal cells?
vacuole
44
what are the male parts of the flower?
stamen, anther, filament
45
what is the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume root nodules?
rhizobium
46
what fungi aid plant roots in obtaining nutrients?
mycorrhizae
47
during light reactions, where is NADPH made?
photosystem I
48
what does the suffix -phyta indicate?
phylum
49
what does the suffix -ales indicate?
order
50
what does gravitropism require?
auxin, statocysts, root cap
51
normal bone development requires...
vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus
52
proteins are needed to form...
bones, muscles, antibodies
53
embryogenesis stages:
globular, then heart, then torpedo
54
which of these cell structures only occur in plants? (golgi, tonoplast, ER, actin filaments)
tonoplast
55
where are mycorrhizae?
within plant cell walls and intracellular spaces
56
what is in primary and secondary cell walls?
cellulose
57
what structure is taller in etiolated seedlings?
hypocotyl
58
do proteins contain sulfur?
yes
59
what are proteins?
polymers of amino acids
60
the matrix of mitochondria contains...
enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) and molecules of DNA
61
what is the order of the 4 stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
62
varieties of brassica oleraceae
cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower
63
what is the deficiency disease where the diet contains enough calories but not enough proteins
kwashiorkor
64
deficiency disease where the diet contains enough proteins but lacks enough calories
marasmus
65
what protein signals the development of the inflorescence meristem?
FT protein
66
where is FT protein formed in the leaf?
companion cells
67
what do ribosomes do?
produce proteins
68
what is a proplastid?
the genetically inherited precursor to plastids, which can differentiate into chloroplasts, chromoplasts, etc.
69
what is a chromoplast?
a differentiated plastid that produces pigment/color
70
what is the order of the different level of taxon organization?
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
71
at what stage of meiosis does recombination occur?
prophase I
72
what happens in the process of recombination (crossing over)?
during the first phase of meiosis, the homologous pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes align and the arms can overlap and temporarily fuse, causing a crossover. this results in recombination the exchange of genetic material between the maternal and paternal chromosomes. as a result, offspring can have diff combos of genes than their parents.
73
describe the mechanism by which a shoot or coleoptyle detects unilateral light and grows towards it
light-detecting cells (phototropins) recognize when light is present and trigger the release of auxins to the side of the plant that is shaded. this causes the cells to elongate on the shaded side, causing it to curve and grow towards the light source
74
what is appealing about quinoa?
nutritious grains, can be turned into flour or beer, can be used in medicine, C4 plant-can grow in adverse conditions, high yielding, contain all 9 amino acids, iron, Ca + rich in proteins & vitamins
75
name types of edible oil & what family they come from
soybeans-fabaceae
canola-brassicaceae
oil palm-arecaceae
olive-oleaceae
76
what is the effect of water vapor in the atmosphere on the climate?
as greenhouse gas concentrations increase and global temperatures rise, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere also increases from increased evaporation. this extra water vapor in the atmosphere amplifies the warming effect because of its heat trapping ability.
77
describe the modification of cereal flowers for wind pollination
less colorful bc no animal pollinators needed. stigma is a lot bigger to catch pollen grains. more effort put into producing pollen because lots will be lost in wind dispersal
78
features of hydroponics
plants immersed in water. no soil needed. water is aerated and contains nutrients
79
features of aeroponics
not immersed in anything (soil nor water). must be watered with nutrient rich water (usually sprayed). gets O2 from roots
80
how do grasses reproduce?
many do it vegetatively by stolons and rhizomes
81
what are stolons
horizontal stems growing above ground
82
what are rhizomes
horizontal stems growing below ground
83
what is the germ made of
embryo
84
what is the endosperm
stored food
85
what is bran made of
aleurone layer, seed coat, and pericarp (remnants of ovary wall)
86
what are the 3 parts of the cereal grain?
germ, endosperm, bran
87
what is threshing
beating the harvested stems of grain to remove dead flower parts and stems
88
what is chaff
dead flower parts
89
what is the product called when the bran and germ are removed before milling the grain
refined flour
90
what does brown flour consist of
endosperm + some bran & germ
91
indica rice is..
grown in tropical conditions and has long grains
92
japonica rice is…
grown in more temperate conditions and had short grains that stick together when cooked
93
difference between white rice and brown rice
white rice is only endosperm, brown rice also has bran and embryo. brown is more nutritious
94
where is most rice grown?
flooded rice paddies
95
where is upland rice grown
dry fields that receive >60 in rain per year
96
where does wild rice originate
north america
97
what is the relationship between oryza and wild rice
not closely related
98
where does corn (maize) originate
mexico
99
is maize monoecious or dioecious
monoecious
100
what are the types of corn grains
popcorn (grains puff up when heated), flint corn (used to make grits and polenta), dent corn (used to feed animals and make ethanol), flour corn (soft; ground to cornmeal), sweet corn (soft; eaten directly)
101
when and where did wheat originate
9000 years ago in fertile crescent
102
wheat vs rice & maize
will grow in colder climates
103
origins of rye
fertile crescent; was a weed of barley and wheat fields but then became a staple in northern europe
104
benefits of rye
can grow where other cereals won’t-poor soils and cold/dry conditions. little to no gluten in it
105
what is triticale?
cross of wheat and rye
106
how long have oats been cultivated
3000 years
107
benefits of oats
grows well in less fertile soils, has high protein content, lowers blood cholesterol
108
origins of barley
10,000 years ago. fertile crescent
109
pros & cons of barley
short growing season, tolerates drought and salinity, high protein, 8 essential amino acids
suffers from fungal diseases and is sensitive to acidic soils (grow best at pH 7-8)
110
what are the C3 grasses
rice, wheat, oats, rye, barley, triticale
111
what are the C4 grasses
maize, millet, sorghum, teff
112
common millet vs pearl millet
common- asia; vitamins + iron, no gluten
pearl- africa; tolerates drought, heat, poor soil. proteins, carbs, and fats. suffers from pests
113
sorghum: origin, uses and benefits
africa. grows well in droughts. rich in proteins and carbs
114
teff: origin, uses and benefits
ethiopia. contains lysine, no gluten. used to make injera bread - ethiopian staple
115
what is the fruit of a legume
a pod formed from a carpel that dries and splits when mature to release the seeds
116
what do legumes contain (nutritionally)
15% or more protein, oil, and/or carbs
117
what are dried legume seeds called
pulses
118
where did soybean originate?
east asia
119
what do soybeans contain (nutritionally)
30-40% protein, oil, carbs, vitamins, minerals
120
uses of soybeans
soy milk, soy sauce, oils, tofu, animal food, paint, ink, plastic, adhesive, biodiesel, steroids (stigmasterol)
121
where did peanut originate?
south america
122
how do peanuts grow?
developing ovary pushes underground after pollination where the pod develops an underground fruit ("groundnut")
123
what carcinogen do moldy peanuts contain?
aflatoxin
124
origin and benefit (nutritionally) of common bean
central & south america. rich in proteins and carbs
125
when was the pea domesticated
7,000 years ago
126
what do peas contain (nutritionally)
protein, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins B and C
127
which legume is a "supermarket on a stalk"?
winged bean
