Exam #2 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are vitamins?
A
- Organic compounds
- Present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs
- Essential for normal metabolism
- classified as:
* fat soluble
* water soluble
- classified as:
2
Q
Fat soluble vitamins?
A
- A, D, K, E
- Important for the body
- Some body storage for A,D,and E
- A and D can be toxic
3
Q
Water soluble vitamins?
A
- B and C, Biotin, Choline, and Folacin
- Non-toxic
- No body storage > deficiencies
- Adult ruminants generally do not require dietary source
4
Q
General function of vitamins?
A
- Coenzymes of metabolic process
- Affect multiple body systems
- Many water soluble vitamins affect growth
5
Q
Vitamin A (Retinol) function?
A
- Required by all animals
- Vision- night vision
- Growth, cell differentiation (lymphocytes), and metabolism
- Bone formation and remodeling
- Reproduction
6
Q
Vitamin A Deficiencies?
A
- Night blindness
- Anorexia
- Infection
- Death
7
Q
Vitamin A toxicities?
A
- Anorexia
- Dermatitis
- Thinning bones
- Hemorrhage
8
Q
Vitamin D functions?
A
- Normal bone mineralization (CA/P)
- Immune system and T-cells
- Conversion and storage in liver
9
Q
Vitamin D?
A
- Vitamin D2 (plant) and D3 (animal)
- Sterol precursors in plants and skin require UV light to produce vitamin D
- Dietary sources are fish and dairy products
10
Q
Vitamin D deficiencies?
A
- Abnormal skeletal growth/ formation
- Rickets (children)/ Osteomalacia (adult)
- Bowed legs, lameness, sore joints
11
Q
Vitamin E (tocopherol)?
A
- Found in most animal tissue, but limited biological activity
- Dietary sources are multigrain cereal, nuts, oils, and leafy greens
- Interactions with minerals and PUFAs
12
Q
Vitamin E functions?
A
- Antioxidant- free radical scavengar
- Nuclei acid and protein metabolism
- Cell membrane structure
13
Q
Vitamin E deficiencies/ toxicity?
A
- Nutritional muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease and encephalomalacia
- Relatively non-toxic
14
Q
Vitamin K?
A
- K1 (phylloquinone)- plant/green veggies
- K2 (menaquinone)- microbial synthesis in GI
- K3 (menadione)- synthetic
15
Q
Vitamin K function?
A
- Required for normal blood clotting
- Bone metabolism
16
Q
Vitamin K deficiencies?
A
- Caused by antagonists/inhibitors not a true deficiency
- Prolonged clotting time, death
Ex: antibiotics- kill good microbes/ warfarin- kills rats
17
Q
Vitamin K toxicity?
A
- Non toxic
- Synthetic form can be toxic to skin and respiratory system
18
Q
Thiamin (B1)?
A
- Water soluble
- Present in most foodstuffs- cereal, soy bean, green, leafy hay, animal products (pork)
- Important in citric acid cycle for cellular respiration>energy
- Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
- Deficiencies: rapid urine loss, enlarged heart, weakness, mental confusion, memory loss, anorexia
19
Q
Riboflavin (B2)?
A
- Animal products, greens, veggies
- Sensitive to light
- Deficiencies: usually involves eyes, skin, or nervous system
- Less common due to storage in some cells
- No animals can make it
- Water soluble
20
Q
Niacin (B3)?
A
- Meats, yeast, leafy plants
- Electron carriers- give cells energy from food
- Important in DNA damage repair
- Deficiencies: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death
- Carnivores usually do not have niacin deficiency
- Toxicity: high levels, flushing, itching, nausea, and headache
21
Q
Pantothenic acid (B5)?
A
- Required for fatty acid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism
- Deficiencies: are rare, can be dermatitis, neuromuscular disorder (goose stepping in pigs)
22
Q
Vitamin B6?
A
Water soluble
5 different forms
Good sources are meat, liver, cereal grains, and veggies
Requirement change with protein intake, pregnancy, and lactation
Amino acid metabolism- transamination, delaminating, and formation of hormones
Glycogen metabolism-muscle
Deficiencies are rare, malnutrition, convulsions, dermatitis
Caused by damage of food processing
Toxicity is unlikely but can occur in large doses
23
Q
Vitamin B12?
A
- Primary source is microbial synthesis – not made by
plants or animals - Dietary sources are animal products – smallest
requirement of any vitamin - Absorbed poorly but stored well in most animals
(except cats) - Important in ruminant metabolism – need a cobalt source
- Helps absorption of nutrients in GI
- Deficiencies: fairly common, anemia, neurological lesions and wasting syndrome,bacterial overgrowth or genetic abnormalities
- Water soluble
24
Q
Folacin (folic acid)?
A
- Good sources are leafy vegetables, citrus fruit,
organ meats • - Damaged by heat and light - cooking
- Required for DNA synthesis and red cell production
- Metabolic activity with B12
- Deficiencies: not very common- decreased growth, anemia, birth defects
- Water soluble
25
Biotin (Vitamin H)?
1. Microbial synthesis in GI tract
2. Good dietary sources are eggs, liver, kidneys, yeast,
fruits and veggies
3. Coenzyme for 4 important enzymes required for carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and AA deamination
4. Deficiencies: rare due to microbial synthesis- severe dermatitis and hair loss, cracked hooves
5. Water soluble
26
Choline?
1. Not a typical water-soluble vitamin – can be synthesized in liver, required in large amounts, and serves a structural role (not a coenzyme)
2. Good dietary sources are fats, eggs, liver, fish, and oil seeds
3. Structural component in cell membrane and transmission of nerve impulses ( acetylcholine = neurotransmitter)
4. Deficiencies: fatty liver, cirrhosis, and hemorrhagic lesions
27
Absorbic Acid (vitamin C)?
1. Found in citrus fruits, potatoes & cabbage, leafy veggies, and animal products
2. Can make it from glucose except in some species(primates, some fish, snakes and birds, fruit bats, and guinea pigs)
3. Good reducing agent – Water soluble antioxidant,
reduces metal ions and enhances Fe absorption
4. Collagen synthesis – Connective Tissue
5. Formation of epinephrine
6. Deficiencies: species that can’t make it from glucose
7. Scurvy in Humans and other animals
8. Hemorrhage and slow clotting (vit K), swollen and bleeding gums, tooth loosening, weight loss,emaciation, diarrhea
9. Slow wound healing, muscle and joint pain
10. Toxicity: high tolerance but large doses affect trace element utilization
28
What are inorganic elements?
1. Classified as macro or micro minerals (trace)
2. Essential for metabolism
29
What are macro minerals?
1. Minerals present in higher amounts in an animal and required in larger amounts in the diet.
Ex: Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S
30
What are micro minerals?
1. Minerals in low amounts in the animals and small amounts in the diet.
Ex: Cu, Zn, Fe, I, Mn
2. Measured in PPM, or mg/kg
31
What are the sources of minerals (4)?
Diet, soil, water, mineral deposits
32
What are the two groups of macro minerals in the body?
1. Ca, P, Mg: structural components
2. Na, K, Cl : cell function, acid/base balance
33
Calcium and Phosphorus?
1. 99% in Bone and Teeth •
2. Ca controls excitability of muscle and nerve (contractions)
3. Ratio of Ca:P is crucial in addition to the proper total amounts
– Ideal is 2:1 ratio
34
What is metabolic bone disease and what causes it?
1. Also called Rickets (growing) or Osteomalacia
(adult) – enlarged joints and/or growth plates,
deformed long bones, and fractures
2. Causes:
1. Diet deficient in Ca, or improper balance of Ca:P
2. Inadequate UVB (sunlight)
3. End stage kidney disease
35
What is Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)?
1. Caused by Increased Phosphorus (imbalance in Ca:P ratio) which depresses GI absorption of Ca in the intestines
2. This Increases PTH which leeches the Ca from the
bone and its replaced by fibrous connective tissue
• “Big Head” Syndrome
36
What is Milk Fever in Cows (Acute Hypocalcemia) ?
1. Acute drop in Ca causes convulsions and muscle tetany (rigidity) 2. Dairy cows have a huge drain of Ca reserves when lactating
37
Why do carnivores need bone/ bone meal in their diet?
Because they can’t synthesize vitamin D
38
Where do herbivores get Calcium?
From plant leaves
39
How do lizards get Ca?
Some lizards can’t absorb Ca in their GI and need to
make Vitamin D
40
What is Calcium Toxicity (Hypercalcemia)?
1. Soft tissue calcification especially in areas of damage
2. Calculi (stones) – Urinary Tracts
3. Zinc Deficiency – Ca reduces absorption and utilization of other minerals
41
Why is magnesium important?
1.Required for normal bone mineralization
2. Plays a role in regulating muscle contraction
42
What is Grass Tetany (hypomagnesemia) and what causes it?
1. Low magnesium levels causes muscle tetany
(rigidity)
2. Fast growing grass has Low levels of Mg and High levels of Potassium which antagonizes Mg causing a deficiency
43
What can magnesium toxicity cause?
1. High levels of Magnesium can cause stones or crystal formation in the digestive tract or urinary tract
2. Alfalfa and Water in California are high in magnesium
• Enteroliths – stones in GI
44
Why are K, Na, and Cl mandatory?
1. These electrolytes are mandatory in proper levels for cell function and in bodily fluids to maintain proper acid/base balance
2. Also needed for proper nerve impulse transmission (Na especially)
45
What happens to excess electrolytes? If not?
1. They are excreted regularly into the kidneys therefore toxicity is rare
2. Chronic na results in hypertension
46
What happens with Deficiencies in Electrolytes?
1. Potassium (K) – abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), muscle cramps, and fatigue
2. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) – decreased growth rate is the major sign
- Animals have a strong desire for salt in their diet •
- Only seen when water is restricted
47
Why is Sulfur needed?
1. Found in organic nutrients – in some Amino Acids and B-Vitamins 2. Important in metabolism
3. Not as clinically significant
48
Copper (Cu) – 5 ppm ?
1. Needed for iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, bone formation, and nervous system function
2. Also needed for normal wool, hair, and skin pigment – melanin production
3. Deficiency: Copper gets bound easily to other minerals and compounds
-Anemia, neonatal ataxia “swayback disease”, and
oxidative damage
-Discoloration and twisting/kinking of hair and wool
-Defective collagen and elastin formation
Toxicity: acute vs chronic
- Ruminants more sensitive
- Liver +/- renal disease
49
Zinc (Zn) – 50 ppm ?
1. Second most abundant trace element
2. Needed for cell growth and division, wound healing, and carbohydrate breakdown
3. Activation of the immune system
4. Deficiencies: High levels of Ca can cause Zn Deficiency
• Growth retardation and anorexia
• Drastic delay in wound healing
• Parakeratosis – thickening of the epidermis
5. Toxicity: rare due to wide margin of safety
• Small animals –> coin ingestion = anemia
50
Iron (Fe) – 50 ppm ?
1. Most abundant trace mineral in the body
2. Needed to make hemoglobin and myoglobin: molecules that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in Red Blood Cells and muscle respectively
3. Stored in the liver and spleen
4. Deficiency: Anemia, small red blood cells with less hemoglobin
5. Toxicity: “Free” iron in the body causes oxidative damage –
body scavenges and stores it in tissues
6. Causes: Hereditary, High Fe in Diet, Infection/Inflammation increases Storage
• Hemosiderosis – too much iron • Hemochromatosis – cell toxicity
51
What is chelation therapy and phlebotomy?
1. Phlebotomy (deplete RBC’s)
2. Chelation (bind Fe for excretion)
52
Iodine (I) – less than 1 ppm (ultra-trace) ?
1. Needed to make Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) in the Thyroid gland 2. Thyroid hormone affects your basal metabolic rate
• Iodized salt – not very stable
3. Deficiency: Prolonged Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) causes thyroid enlargement = Goiter
53
Manganese (Mn) – 1 ppm, 40 ppm for reproduction; 50 ppm poultry ?
1. Needed for proper bone formation 2. Can replace Magnesium in many reactions
3. Deficiency: Reproductive problems and decreased bone growth, Perosis or “Slipped tendon” in birds – enlarged “hock” joint 4. Toxicity is rare
54
Cobalt?
1. Needed for Vitamin B12 in ruminants only
2. Deficiency means a deficiency in Vit. B12 Anemia is the main symptom 3. Toxicity causes a mild polycythemia (increased RBCs)
55
Selenium?
1. Less that 4ppm needed. 2. Helps prevent/reverse symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency
(nutritional muscular dystrophy, encephalomalacia) 3. Plays a key role in cell membrane integrity. 4. Deficiency: Liver necrosis, cardiomyopathy -> congested heart failure, and muscular dystrophy. 5. Toxicity: 5 ppm or higher is toxic. • Acute – “blind staggers”
• Abnormal staggering movement, pulmonary edema,
diarrhea and death from respiratory failure • Chronic
• Liver disease, kidney disease, emaciation, sore
feet/cracked hooves, and lameness
56
What does intoxication mean?
1. Intoxication means the substance must be absorbed and delivered to the site of action at a concentration high enough to elicit a physiologic response
2. Proof of ingestion
57
Rate of absorption is different for different routes of exposure?
Intravenous > Pulmonary > Intramuscular > Oral > Cutaneous
(Blood). (Inhaled). (Muscle). (Mouth). (Skin)
58
What is biomagnification?
1. Build up of toxins in a food chain
2. Higher trophic feeding levels have access to higher levels of toxicants
Ex: Mercury in fish
59
What species are affected by lead poisoning?
1. Cattle, horses, dogs, birds of prey and waterfowl
2. Cats, goats, sheep and chickens are less commonly affected
3. Pigs are insensitive to lead intoxication
60
What are symptoms of lead intoxication?
1. Anorexia and depression in all species
2. Cattle - Neurologic symptoms: blindness, circling, and head pressing
3. Dogs - GI symptoms: vomiting, colic, diarrhea or constipation
4. Horses – laryngeal paralysis causes roaring and inability to swallow water; colic
5. Birds – general anorexia, leg and wing weakness and ataxia
61
What are the 3 types of mercury and poisoning?
1. Organic mercury - Methylmercury
• Biomagnification in top predatory fish such as tuna or swordfish
2. Inorganic mercury – Mercury salts
• Mercuric cyanide used in poisoning/murder
3. Elemental mercury – Quicksilver (liquid metallic
mercury) is poorly absorbed by ingestion and skin contact
• Absorption via vapor inhalation
62
What species are affected by mercury poisoning? What does it do?
1. Predator Species – humans, seals, etc
2. Developing fetuses
3. Methylmercury interferes with metabolic activity, resulting in degeneration and necrosis in manytissues, although the brain and fetus are more susceptible
63
Symptoms of mercury poisoning?
1. Neurologic manifestation – blindness, ataxia, incoordination, tremors, abnormal behavior, and convulsions
2. In developing animals – cerebellar ataxia and death
64
Bracken Fern toxicity?
1. Thiaminase in Bracken Fern causes Thiamin deficiency and neurologic syndrome
2. Horses and Cattle (less affected due to thiamin production in rumen by microbes)
3. Pigs and sheep reluctant to consume
4. Horses (after 1 month of eating the plant)
• Weight loss with normal appetite
• Incoordination/ataxia
• Recumbency and death within days without treatment
5. Cattle (after long-term consumption)
• Weight loss, anemia, bloody discharges from orifices, bloody urine, and high mortality with clinical disease
65
Red maple toxicity?
1. Happens when equids (most susceptible) ingest wilted or dried leaves
2. Need to ingest about 1-2lbs of dried leaves
3. Toxin is unknown but suspect gallic acid which causes hemolytic anemia = destruction of red blood cells
4.Icterus, cyanosis, depression, dehydration, hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin in urine), respiratory distress, tachycardia
66
Oleander toxicity?
1. Contains cardiac glycoside – inhibits the sodium- potassium ATP -ase pump of cell membranes in excitable tissues
2. All animals are susceptible
3. Causes cardiovascular problems – decreased heart rate and arrythmias
4. Weakness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
5. Sudden death
67
Avocado toxicity?
1. Toxic to almost all animals
2. Leaves, bark, seeds, skin and pits contain a natural fatty acid called persin
3. Avocado causes necrosis and hemorrhage of mammary tissue (mastitis in lactating animals), myocardial necrosis in birds and mammals
4. Respiratory distress, subcutaneous edema, cyanosis, and death
68
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) containing plants: toxicity?
1. Ragwort, Common groundsel, Alsike clover, and Fiddleneck, etc. – most are not palatable but can be incorporated into hay or complete feeds
2. Horses and cattle primarily affected. Sheep are less sensitive
3. PA toxicity causes liver disease
4. Acute syndrome (1-5% body weight over a few days) – acute liver failure, gastric ulcers and rectal prolapse
5. Chronic syndrome – anorexia, recumbency, photosensitization and liver necrosis
69
Deadly nightshade toxicity ?
1. Foliage and berries are extremely toxic when
ingested
2. Contain tropane alkaloids – such as atropine and scopolamine which have anticholinergic properties disrupting the parasympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nervous system regulates involuntary activities such as respiratory rate, heart rate, and digestion
3. Dilated pupils, tachycardia, staggering, headache, flushing, severe dry mouth, slurred speech, delirium, hallucinations and convulsions
4. Causes narcosis and paralysis in many domestic animals. Cattle and rabbits are relatively resistant.
70
How are toxins metabolized?
Liver is primary organ involved in the metabolism of toxins
71
How to treat toxins? (5)
1. Fecal – Important route of elimination due to common cause of ingestion
• Increased by activated charcoal, cathartics (strong laxative), and whole-bowl irrigation
2. Urinary – Toxins can be filtered or secreted in the urine depending on size and pH
• Increased by pH manipulation and urinary clearance
3. Biliary – larger toxins are absorbed in the GI and enter the portal circulation which goes to the liver and excreted as bile
4. Respiratory – diffusion of gases; depends on solubility of the gas 5. Milk – nursing animals and public health concern; ion trapping (milk lower pH than serum) and lipid- soluble toxins
72
What four factors influence feed consumption?
1. Palatability
2. Hunger
3. Appetite
4. Taste
73
Palatability ?
1. Degree of acceptance to the taste by an animal
2. Appearance, odor, taste, texture, can affect this
74
Hunger vs appetite?
1. Hunger: triggered by physiological need, satisfied by calories
2. Appetite: triggered by desire to repeat a pleasant experience, satisfied by Palatability
75
Tartare?
1. The ability to sense chemicals dissolved in saliva and picked up by taste buds
2. 4 basic tastes- sweet, salty, bitter, and sour
76
What is the control mechanism for feed intake?
1. Regulation of body energy content = External Factors + Internal Factors
2. External factors – environment, sensory information,
diet composition
3. Internal factors – metabolism and hormones
77
Short term control vs long term control?
1. In the hypothalamus, controls initiation of feeding, overeating, and inhibition of eating
2. Wild animals tend to maintain a stable body weight vs humans and domestic species
78
How do feeding behaviors affect omnivs, herbs, and carns?
1. Herbivores: high cellulose diets. Need small frequent meals, energy released form food much slower
2. Omnivores: Pigs and humans. Periodic short emails with inter meal intervals. GI distention signals satiation.
3. Carnivores:high protein and fat diets. Infrequent large meals.
79
Roughage vs processed feeds?
1. Has high volume and low density= lower energy consumed
2. Low volume and high density= higher energy consumed
80
How to inhibit feed intake?
1. Increase protein or fat intake- more calories less food
2. Feed roughage- more food less calories
3. Make feed less palatable
4. Restriction of feed
81
How to predict feed intake?
1. Body weight- related to lean body mass, not total body weight
2. Individual animals- behavior, social status, age, sex
3. Temperature
4. Feed containers- access to cleanliness
82
What is high moisture forages?
1. Pasture and range plants
2. Soil or green chop
3. Cannery or food crop residue
83
What is silage?
1. Material produced by controlled fermentation of high-moisture herbage
2. Types: Corn, grass, legume, and sorghum
84
What are dry forages?
1. Hay – legume, grasses, and cereal crop
85
What are roughages?
1. Hay and silage considered roughage
2. Straw, Chaff, Fodder, and Stover
3. Products with >18% crude fiber: corncobs, shells, sugar cane, seed hulls, and animal wastes
86
What affects forage composition?
1. Stage of maturity
• When is it harvested during the plant cycle
• More mature plants have decreased digestibility
2. Fertilization
• Increases mineral content and possibly digestibility
3. Harvesting and Storage
• Sun bleaching – decreases carotenes
• Leaching by rain – decreases soluble carbs and Nitrogen
• Leaf loss with harvesting
• Key is rapid drying before storage
87
What are energy concentrates?
1. Cereal grains, Molasses
2. Beet & citrus pulp
3 Animal & vegetable fats
88
What are protein concentrates?
1. Source of amino acids (nitrogen)
2. Animal meats, bone meal
3. Marine and avian meals
4. Oilseed meals: cottonseed, soybean, etc
5. Seeds and dried grains
6. Single cell sources – yeast, algae, bacteria
7. Nonprotein nitrogen - urea, ammonia, etc
89
Feeding standard definition ?
Quantitative descriptions of amounts of one or more nutrients needed by animals
90
Definition of quantities?
Per day for exact quantities or as a percentage of a diet for ad libitum feeding
91
Protein?
DP (Digestible Protein), Crude Protein or Metabolizable Protein (ruminants), NPN (Non- protein nitrogen)
92
Energy?
1. ME (metabolizable energy) – dogs, cats, & chickens
2. DE (Digestible Energy) – rabbits & horses
3. TDN (Total Digestible Nutrient) – swine, sheep, & cows
93
Feeding standards are based on multiple study types?
1. Calorimetric studies – quantifies heat release from metabolism of cellular fuels = calories
2. Factorial method – back calculations of utilization using amounts excreted in feces and urine
3. Balance studies – amount in diet vs. amount in feces and urine 4. Feeding trials – AAFCO
94
What is AAFCO?
does not necessarily ensure food adequacy and safety but relies on current scientific knowledge to provide guidelines for pet food
composition which, if followed, minimize the risk of malnutrition
95
What variables may alter nutrient needs and utilization?
Weather, stress, disease, parasitism, injury or surgery
96
What factors affect nutrient requirements?
Genetics
Nutritional Individuality
Breed & Species Differences
Environmental Factors
Feed Consumption
97
How does nutrition affect the immune system?
1. Immunological stress alters nutritional requirements
2. If the change in requirement can be identified, then it can be used to promote optimum response of the immune system
98
Nutrition and Disease?
1. Well-fed animals are more susceptible to some viruses but more resistant to bacterial and parasitic infection
2. Vitamin deficiency (A) can cause more susceptibility to infectious diseases
99
How do you assess the Nutritional Status of an Animal?
1. Nutritional History – harder for free range animals
2. Animal Productivity – increases for growth, pregnancy, lactation, etc
3. Physical Examinations – quality of hair/fur/coat, gait, laying down/getting up, etc
4. Tissue Analysis – samples of blood, urine, feces, hair, bone, liver/kidney for biochemical analysis
100
How is tissue analyzed?
1. Blood – good for Cu, Fe, and I but not good for most minerals unless severe deficiency
2. Hair – only reveals the past levels not current
3. Bone – good for Ca/P but hard to get sample; bone
density
4. Liver & Kidney – biopsies for trace minerals and vitamins
5. Urine – good diagnostic info for metabolic disease; ketones, minerals, vitamins, nitrogen, and glucose
101
What is cold processing?
1. Mills used to grind dry feedstuff
2. Soaked or reconstituted to raise moisture content
3. High moisture grain (20-35%)
• Stored properly – ground or rolled first
• Acid preservation
102
What is hot processing?
1. Steam rolled/flaked grain
2. Pelleted feed
• Mix food, heat it and compress/mold it into a pellet
• Most animals prefer pelleted feed
• Decreases sorting of nutrients
103
What is extruded feed?
1. Screw that forces feed through a tapered head with heat and pressure
2. Common in pet food
104
What is spraying feed?
1. Molasses, fat, and other liquids
2. Decreases dust, increases energy and palatability
3. Other Liquids: Micronutrients, Amino Acids, flavor, and mold inhibitors
105
What are complete feeds?
Some amount of mixing and processing for complete feeds
106
Why is storage important?
1. Storage: Appropriate feed storage is important to prevent breakdown from
• Oxidation
• Desiccation or water loss
• Leaching – nutrient loss into fluid
* Use/Best By Dates of food products
• Perishables kept in appropriate containers
* Dates of frozen food packages
• Rotation of frozen food products
• Evaluation of freezer burn
• Vitamins lost in frozen/thawed fish – Vitamin E &
Thiamin
• Thaw in refrigerator and keep cold until fed
• Used withing 24 hours of thawing
• Discard if not eaten within 12 hours of feeding
• Water/ice build up on floor/container
• Moist, slimy or discolored wrapping • Brown meat Dates and rotation of products
• Broken packages need to be in containers or
resealed
• No evidence of rodents or insect pests
• No evidence of mold Storage conditions – temperature, exposure to sunlight
• Expiration dates
*Quality, species appropriateness, and no evidence
of mold or toxic plants
• Ventilation in hay barns
• Bird and rodent control in and around hay and grain
areas
• Browse sources guaranteed free of herbicides and insecticides
*Food vendor quality control
• Food sampling control
• Diet approvals
• Enrichment items
