Exam 2

Question 1

Roe v. Wade

Answer 1

• The case happened in 1973
• Established the constitutional right to an abortion
• First trimester: decsion is soley the pregant persons
• Second trimester: the state and regulate but not outlaw abortions, has to be in the interest of the pregnats persons health
• Third Trimester: Fetus is viable State can regulate and outlaw abortions, unless it is needed to preserve the life or health of the pregant person

Question 2

The Dobb’s Decision (Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Orginization)

Answer 2

• June of 2022
• Untill this case Supreme court agreed that abortion was a leagl right according to the constitution
• Liberty protected by the Due Process of the 14th amendment
• Overturned Roe and Casey
• Banned all abortind over 15 weeks except for medical emergencies
• Desion was heavilly influenced by outdated and sexist laws

Question 3

Abortion

Answer 3

• No universal defition
• Terminating pregnancy
• Killing fetus
• Killing tge unborn child
• Termination with intention to kill

Question 4

Quickening

Answer 4

At about 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy, a pregnant woman’s experience of fetal movement inside her.

Question 5

Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

Answer 5

An abortion resulting from natural causes such as a birth defect or maternal injury.

Question 6

Therapeutic abortion

Answer 6

Abortion performed to preserve the life or health of the mother.

Question 7

Viability

Answer 7

The development stage when the fetus can survive outside the uterus.

Question 8

Cloning

Answer 8

The asexual production of a genetically identical entity from an existing one.

Question 9

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 9

The uniting of sperm and egg in a laboratory dish.

Question 10

Direct-to-consumer genetic tests (benefits vs. concerns)

Answer 10

Pros
* Understand health risks
* Cheeper and more accesible
* Forensics
* Learn about family history
* More proactive about health
Cons
* Can be inaccurate
* Privacy
* False sense of security

Question 11

Crispr/Cas9

Answer 11

A new technology that facilitates making specific changes in the DNA of a living organism

Question 12

Gene-editing

Answer 12

the use of biotechnological techniques to make changes to specific DNA sequences in the genome of a living organism

Question 13

Chromosome

Answer 13

A string-like, gene-containing molecule in the nucleus of a cell

Question 14

Eugenics

Answer 14

The deliberate attempt to improve the genetic makeup of humans by manipulating reproduction

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

The fundamental unit of biological inheritance.

Question 16

Gene therapy

Answer 16

The manipulation of someone’s genetic material to prevent or treat disease.

Question 17

Genetic discrimination

Answer 17

The use of genetic information by employers, insurance companies, and others to discriminate against or stigmatize people.

Question 18

Genetic testing

Answer 18

Procedures used to check for genetic disorders by looking for changes in a person’s DNA.

Question 19

Genome

Answer 19

An organism’s entire complement of DNA.

Question 20

Precision Medicine

Question 21

Informed consent

Answer 21

The action of an autonomous, informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation.

Question 22

Medical Futility

Answer 22

The alleged pointlessness or ineffectiveness of administering particular treatments.

Question 23

Paternalism

Answer 23

The overriding of a person’s actions or decision-making for his, her, or their own good.

Question 24

strong paternalism

Answer 24

The overriding of a person’s actions or choices although the patient is substantially autonomous.

Question 25

weak paternalism

Answer 25

Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished.

Question 26

confidentiality

Answer 26

An obligation or pledge of physicians, nurses, and others to keep secret the personal health information of patients unless they consent to disclosure.

Question 27

right to privacy

Answer 27

The authority of persons to control who may possess and use information about themselves.

Question 28

competence

Answer 28

The ability to render decisions about medical interventions.

Question 29

therapeutic privilege

Answer 29

The withholding of relevant information from a patient when the physician believes disclosure would likely do harm.

Question 30

clinical trial

Answer 30

A scientific study designed to systematically test a medical intervention in humans.

Question 31

Euthanasia

Answer 31

Directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person for that person’s sake.

Question 32

Voluntary euthanasia

Answer 32

Euthanasia performed when competent patients voluntarily request or agree to it.

Question 33

Involuntary euthanasia

Answer 33

Bringing about someone’s death against her will or without asking for her consent although she is competent to decide.

Question 34

Nonvoluntary euthanasia

Answer 34

Euthanasia performed when patients are not competent to choose it for themselves and have not previously disclosed their preferences.

Question 35

Passive euthanasia

Answer 35

Allowing someone to die by not doing something that would prolong life.

Question 36

Physician-assisted suicide

Answer 36

A patient’s taking his or her own life with the of aid of a physician.

Question 37

Active euthanasia

Answer 37

Performing an action that directly causes someone to die; “mercy killing.”

Question 38

Two Components of Consciousness

Answer 38

Wakefulness * Response to pain stimulus * Awareness Ability to think and perceive * Corroditated activity

Question 39

Brain Death

Answer 39

* Clinical and legal death * Irreverable loss of all clinical brain fuction * No universal tests to diagnose brain death

Question 40

Coma

Answer 40

Neither awake or aware (usually no more that 2-3 weeks)

Question 41

A vegitiative state

Answer 41

Awake but unawakre (reflex movements, not purposeful movements; NOT conscious; cannot experience pain

Question 42

Persistent Vegestaie State

Answer 42

after one month of being in a vegetative state ; usually within 3-12 months

Question 43

Locked-in State

Answer 43

being conscious but unable to move

Question 44

Mininal Conscious State (MCS)

Answer 44

* showing possible signs of consciousness, but the degree of neurological functioning is insufficient for having a good cognitive/functional recovery * some purposeful non-reflexive movements * can perceive his/her pain and circumstances * often fluctuate between the PVS and the MC

Question 45

Advance Directive

Answer 45

making your medical wishes know * Verbal instruction * Living will * Medical Directive * Durable Power of Attorney * Only come into effect when the patient is incopetent or can’t communitcate * Gnerally refer to limiting , withdrawing or withholdin treatment

Question 46

DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)

Answer 46

Do not resuscitate, instructions telling medical staff not to attempt to resusciates the patient if thier heart stops, no CPR.