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Animal Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

CHO produced by _____ a process called ______

A

Plants

6CO2 + 6H2O + 673 kcal -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis

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1
Q

3 classes of nutrients that supply ENERGY

A

CHO - most important
Fats (lipids) - second most important
Protein (amino acids) - main function is building blocks for protein but do provide energy

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2
Q

CHO are classified on basis of number of

A

Sugar units

Mono, di, tri, and polysaccharides

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3
Q

Monosaccharides are

A

Simple sugars

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4
Q

Monosaccharides are subclassed according to the number of

A

C’s in chain - triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose

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5
Q

Hexoses

A

Play a significant role in nutrition both as food components and as products of body metabolism (C6H12O6)

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6
Q

Galactose

A

Does not occur free in nature, only as part of a disaccharide

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7
Q

Fructose

A

A ketohexose, occurs in small amounts in fruits, honey and plant juices; sweetest of all the sugars

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8
Q

Mannose

A

Occurs in plants as mannans (hexosans, gums)

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9
Q

Pentoses

A

C5H10O5

Very small amount in free form - they occur primarily as pentosans (chains of pentoses)

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10
Q

Arabinose

A

Little significance

In polymer form- a component if gums (from trees); gum arabic

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11
Q

Xylose

A

Trace amount in free form; major component of some pentosans; hydrolysis if fibrous materials such as hay, oat hulls, corn cons, woods yield xylose in modest amounts

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12
Q

Ribose

A

Very important in the animal
A component of ATP, ADP, riboflavin, RNA, DNA

Can be synthesized by animal for these components, therefore NOT an essential nutrient

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13
Q

Trioses

A

Important as intermediates in metabolism of CHO but do not occur in nature

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14
Q

2 molecules of D-glucose attached in an alpha 1-4 linkage

A

Maltose

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15
Q

Glucose and fructose; table sugar-found in sugar cane and sugar beets; also in ripe fruits and tree saps

In livestock feed to improve palatability

A

Sucrose

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16
Q

Milk sugar

A

Lactose

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17
Q

What are the physiological functions of lactose that are important to newborns?

A
  • more slowly hydrolyzed in GI tract; more constant supply of nutrients is supplied at tissue level
  • less likely to undergo acid fermentation in stomach young tract not ready for acid product irritation and digestive upsets
  • favors more desirable types of microbes
  • favors absorption if minerals
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18
Q

2 glucose units beta 1-4 linkage
Not important for ruminants nutritionally
Immediate product of cellulose digestion in ruminants

A

Cellobiose

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19
Q

Principle energy source in blood

A

Glucose

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20
Q

Principle energy source metabolized by the body

A

Glucose

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21
Q

Principle component of starch and cellulose

A

Glucose

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22
Q

3 monomers; raffinose (GLU,GAL, FRU) occurs in sugar beets, cottonseeds
Not nutritionally important

A

Trisaccharide

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23
Q

Most important group in nutrition quality wise

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Main CHO in feedstuffs
Polysaccharide
25
The reserve form of energy of most plants Plants concentrate it in seeds tubers fruits etc
Starch
26
Two types of starch
Amylase Amylopectin
27
Alpha 1-4 linkage (linear)
Amylase
28
Branched form of starch same alpha 1-4 linkage and alpha 1-6 linkage
Amylopectin
29
Intermediate in the hydrolysis of starch found in germinating seeds Does not occur naturally
Dextrin
30
Animal starch <.1% in body Highly branched but short branches Found in liver and muscle
Glycogen
31
Most abundant CHO on earth Part of all plants
Cellulose
32
Polymer of fructose units | The CHO of onions and garlic
Inulin
33
Similar characteristics of CHO Highly digestible in woody part of plants Prevents enzymes and bacteria from attacking inner part of cells due to its high resistance to any type of digestion so it inhibits utilization of other nutrients
Lignin
34
Mixed Polysaccharide More easily hydrolyzed than cellulose, moderately digested by ruminant, poorly by non rum.
Hemicellulose
35
The organ responsible for secretion of the greatest amount of amylase
Pancreas
36
The organ which acts to help control the rate at which nutrients go into circulation Many reactions occur here
Liver
37
The alcohol component of all triglycerides common in animal and plant tissues
Glycerol
38
The most abundant sterol in animal tissues
Cholesterol
39
The primary VFA resulting from microbial fermentation on high roughage diets
Acetate
40
The VFA that can be used to produce glucose
Propionate
41
Elicits a decrease in blood glucose
Insulin
42
Which has a greater urinary energy loss cows or pigs? | Less gaseous losses?
Cattle | Pigs
43
Highest and lowest species with regard to the proportion of their total energy that is derived from VFAs Horse poultry swine
Low - poultry | High - horse
44
The fraction of net energy expended to keep the animal in energy equilibrium Animals tissue not gaining or losing energy
Net energy of maintenance
45
5 Basal conditions
Thermoneutral environment Resting conditions Post absorptive states Sexual repose Consciousness
46
Function of body size - the energy expended by the animal under Basel conditions
Basal metabolism
47
Factors affecting heat increment
``` Kind of food fed Balance of diet Effect of temperature on HI Plane of level of nutrition VFA produced ```
48
4 functions of basal metabolism rate
Circulation Respiration Kidney function general musculature
49
The heat above the basal metabolism that occurs in the utilization of the absorbed nutrients
Heat of nutrient metabolism
50
The continual outgo of heat from the body
Heat increment
51
2 parts of heat increment
Heat of fermentation Heat of nutrient metabolism
52
Heat of fermentation
Produced in GI tract as a result of microbial action Much larger in ruminants than non ruminants Cannot be determined directly Since it is a loss in digestive tract more correctly should be subtracted from DE
53
3 constituents necessary for plants to manufacture carbohydrates
CO2 + H2O + energy
54
Where do energy losses as gaseous products of digestion in non ruminants result primarily from microbial metabolism
LI (Colon)
55
Oxidation
Loss of electrons and H ions
56
The max ATP yield from complete metabolism of glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
38 moles of ATP per mole of glucose
57
Indicates the # of double bonds present
Iodine #
58
Indicates the degree of a type of rancidity
Acid value
59
Measure of the quantity if steam volatile fatty acids present
Reichert - meissl number
60
What are the 3 predominant fatty acids in animal bodies
Oleic, palmitic, stearic
61
3 major sites of biosynthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides
Liver Mammary gland Adipose tissue
62
Fatty acids are oxidized in a process known as
Beta oxidation
63
What are the 2 types of rancidity that can develop with fats?
Oxidative and hydrolytic
64
Which of the predominant FA in feed is not a predominant FA in the adipose tissue of ruminants
Linoleic
65
Nutrients that are destroyed by its action as an antioxidant as it works to prevent rancidity
Vitamins A E C | Carotenoids
66
3 essential fatty acids
Linoleic (found in adequate supply) Linolenic Arachadonic (Eva to which linoleic can be built up)
67
Of the carboxyl and methyl ends of a fatty acid, which is the active end from a metabolic standpoint?
Carboxyl
68
Which end from which C's are counted to determine whether it is an omega 3, 6, or 9 fatty acid?
Methyl
69
Heat of nutrient metabolism (HNM)
The heat above the basal metabolism that occurs in the utilization of the absorbed nutrients
70
Fecal energy
Undigested feed residues Metabolic products
71
Urinary energy losses
Residues of imperfect food nutrient metabolism Endogenous catabolism
72
Gaseous energy losses
Gaseous energy losses of fermentation
73
Net energy -> production (NEp)
Tissue growth Stored products Work
74
Net energy -> maintenance (NEm)
Basal metabolism Activity at maintenance Sustaining body temperature
75
Oxidation vs reduction
``` O= loss if e- R= gain of e- ```
76
Involved in energy trapping
Phosphorus
77
2 types of phosphorus bonds
Low energy- 3 kcal/mole High energy - 7.3 kcal/mole
78
The compound in the body that traps energy and later releases it when needed Is one that has high energy phosphate bonds
ATP
79
2 major steps in intermediary metabolism
Glycolysis TCA
80
Glycolysis
Anaerobic Cytoplasm More primitive type of metabolism (Low ATP yield)
81
TCA (oxidative phosphorylation)
Aerobic Mitochondria High ATP yield
82
Essential fatty acids deficiency symptoms
Scaly skin Necrosis of tail Growth failure, repro and lactation affected Death
83
Major pathway of respiration in aerobic organisms
Citric acid cycle
84
Esters of fatty acids with glycerol Aka triglycerides
Simple lipids
85
Contain FA, a nitrogenous base, plus glycerol or sphingosine
Phospholipids
86
Free fatty acids are most important one of these
Derived lipids
87
Esters of long chain FA and high molecular weight alcohols
Waxes
88
Cholesterol hormones carotenoids plant pigments
Steroids
89
Triglycerides are hydrolyzed in the
Rumen
90
Fat enters duodenum and is emulsified via
Bile salts
91
Digestibility is influenced by what 2 factors
Length of carbon chain and state of saturation
92
Gives blood milky appearance
Lipemia
93
Lipid storage occurs mostly in the
Adipose tissue
94
Ketosis body chemical situation
High blood ketones High urine ketones Low blood glucose Depleted glycogen reserves
95
In ruminants this pregnancy disease of dairy cows and sheep that occurs shortly after parturition
Ketosis or acetonemia
96
Fatty acid or class of fatty acids that are generating interest from human and animal health perspective
CLA Omega - 3 FA TRANS FA
97
Acetonemia is due to
Nutrient demand late gestation Stress of birth Nutrient demand in lactation Possible hormonal changes
98
Blood nutrient levels are controlled by what hormones
Insulin - would elicit and decrease in blood glucose Glycagon- increase blood sugar Epinephrine - causes liver and muscle glycogenolysis
99
Symptoms of Acetonemia
Decreased feed intake, milk production Can't stand -> glucose deficiency in brain-> coma and death
100
Most important hexoses in nutrition
Glucose

Animal Nutrition (2 decks)

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