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Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

…is a storage form of energy in the animal body.

A

Glycogen

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2
Q

…provide structure in stems, trunks, roots, leaves and skins of plants.

A

Fiber

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3
Q

Plant cells store glucose as

A

starch

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4
Q

Which is manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles as a storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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5
Q

Some____are know as non-starch polysaccharides

A

Fibers

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6
Q

Fibers differ from starches in that the bonds between their monosaccharides…

A

cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes.

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7
Q

…is the primary constituent of plant cells walls.

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

Which dissolve in water and form a gel…

A

soluble fiber

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9
Q

Which does not dissolve in water?

A

insoluble fiber

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10
Q

Which of the following fibers delay glucose absorption?

A

soluble and insoluble fibers

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11
Q

Which may be able to lower blood cholesterol?

A

soluble fiber

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12
Q

Which term refers to which bacteria in the GI tract can break down fibers into fragments that the body can use?

A

fermentability

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13
Q

The salivary enzyme_____starts to work, hydrolyzing starch to shorter polysaccharide.

A

amylase

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14
Q

Where do the enzymes sucrase and lactase do their job?

A

small intestine

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15
Q

The pancreas releases amylase into the mouth. True or False

A

False

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16
Q

Satiety refers to the feeling of…

A

fullness

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17
Q

____in the GI tract ferment both fibers and resistant starches.

A

bacteria

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18
Q

Galactose and fructose can be converted to glucose in the…

A

liver

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19
Q

The human body is unable to convert galactose and fructose into glucose. True or False

A

False

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20
Q

Which of the following are symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A

bloating, abdominal discomfort or diarrhea? ALL

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21
Q

The primary role of the available carbohydrates in human nutrition is to supply the body’s cells with…

A

glucose, for energy

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22
Q

The ____ stores 1/3 of the body’s total glycogen and releases glucose as needed.

A

Liver

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23
Q

During times of plenty, blood glucose rises, and liver cells link excess glucose molecules into long branching chains of…

A

glycogen

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24
Q

When blood glucose falls, the liver cells dismantle the ____ into single molecules of ____ and release them into the bloodstream.

A

glycogen, glucose

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25
Q

____ also store glucose as glycogen (about 2/3 of the body’s total), but they hoard most of their supply, using it just for themselves during exercise.

A

Muscle cells

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26
Q

Only _____ can provide energy for brain cells, other nerve cells, and developing red blood cells.

A

glucose

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27
Q

Only ____ can provide energy for brain cells, other nerve cells, and developing red blood cells.

A

Glucose

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28
Q

Carbon dioxide is produced in…

A

the mitochondria

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29
Q

Glycolysis is referred to as anaerobic respiration. True or False

A

False

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30
Q

Oxygen is needed to make ATP in…

A

the mitochondria

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31
Q

The glycemic index of a food is related to how much glycogen is formed in the liver for the diet over a period of time. True or False

A

False

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32
Q

Legumes in general have a very high glycemic index. True or False.

A

False

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33
Q

Foods that raise blood glucose levels the quickest and highest are also the ones to raise blood insulin levels the quickest and highest. True or False.

A

True

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34
Q

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism is known as…

A

diabetes mellitus

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35
Q

The primary defect in type 2 diabetes is…

A

insulin resistance

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36
Q

Reduced sensitivity to insulin in muscle, adipose, and liver cells is called insulin resistance. True or False.

A

True

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37
Q

Which is false about type 1 and type 2 diabetes…

A

initially, the both involve the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin

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38
Q

Which are signs that suggest a person should get evaluated for diabetes?

A

Excessive hunger, frequent urination, blurred vision…ALL

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39
Q

Hypoglycemia refers to…

A

low blood sugar

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40
Q

Which of the following refers to damage to the kidneys caused by chronic hyperglycemia, as occurs in poorly managed diabetes mellitus?

A

nephropathy

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41
Q

Which type of diabetes is thought to be caused by the body’s immune system attacking the beta cells?

A

Type 1, diabetes mellitus

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42
Q

There appears to be a genetic component that can make a person susceptible to getting Type 2 diabetes mellitus. True or False.

A

True

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43
Q

Hypertension refers to…

A

high blood pressure

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44
Q

Which is one sugar unit (not two)?

A

monosaccharide

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45
Q

Glucose is an example of a

A

monosaccharide

46
Q

Lactose is an example of a

A

disaccharide

47
Q

Fructose is an example of a

A

monosaccharide

48
Q

Galactose is an example of a

A

monosaccharide

49
Q

Sucrose is an example of a

A

disaccharide

50
Q

Which of the following are carbohydrates

A

sugars, starch, many dietary fibers…ALL

51
Q

Sucrose is made up of…

A

glucose and fructose

52
Q

Which two tissues store glucose as glycogen?

A

liver and muscles

53
Q

Lactose is made up of…

A

glucose and galactose

54
Q

The normal range of blood glucose concentration is…

A

70-120mg/dl

55
Q

Cellulose is an example of…

A

functional fiber

56
Q

Where does starch digestion begin??

A

The mouth

57
Q

The digestive enzymes will eventually digest starch to _____ which gets absorbed into the _____ of the villus.

A

glucose, capillaries

58
Q

The brain uses primarily_____ as a fuel to make ATP.

A

glucose

59
Q

An increase in blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to secrete

A

insulin

60
Q

Low blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to secrete

A

glucagon

61
Q

Immediately right after a high carbohydrate meal, blood glucose will start to…

A

increase

62
Q

Which hormone stimulates the storage of food energy as lipid and glycogen?

A

insulin

63
Q

Which lowers blood glucose when it is high?

A

insulin

64
Q

Which taises blood glucose when it is low?

A

glucagon

65
Q

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

A

lactase

66
Q

Which organ produces the hormone glucagon?

A

pancreas

67
Q

A lack of the following will result in hyperglycemia?

A

insulin

68
Q

Which is the storage form of glucose in the body?

A

glycogen

69
Q

Carbohydrates are found in virtually all foods except…

A

meats

70
Q

Which of the following is NOT a simple carbohydrate?

A

starch

71
Q

How many carbon atoms are found in most common dietary monosaccharides?

A

6

72
Q

The types of atoms found in glucose molecule include all of the following EXCEPT…

A

nitrogen

73
Q

Which of the following is know as blood sugar or dextrose?

A

Glucose

74
Q

Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or levulose?

A

Fructose

75
Q

What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?

A

condensation

76
Q

Which of the following is a byproduct of the condensation of two molecules of glucose?

A

Water

77
Q

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed…

A

hydrolysis

78
Q

What is the composition of sucrose?

A

One glucose and one fructose unit

79
Q

What is the composition of maltose?

A

Two glucose units

80
Q

Which of the following is a component of all three disaccharides?

A

Glucose

81
Q

How many bonds can form with H?

A

1

82
Q

How many bonds can form with C?

A

4

83
Q

What is the formula for the monosaccharides?

A

C6H1206

84
Q

Proteins do not contain the same atoms as carbohydrates and lipids. True or False

A

False

85
Q

Proteins are made up of about ___ common amino acids.

A

20

86
Q

There are ___ essential amino acids.

A

9

87
Q

Anemia is not a disease but a symptom of many diseases. True or False.

A

True

88
Q

What does PEM stand for?

A

Protein, Energy, Malnutrition

89
Q

What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates and fats?

A

Nitrogen

90
Q

Terms used to classify amino acids in the diet include all of the following except….

A

partially essential

91
Q

How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?

A

20

92
Q

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

A

20

93
Q

What is the simplest amino acid?

A

Glycine

94
Q

Any of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid EXCEPT?

A

An essential mineral

95
Q

Which of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid?

A

It must be supplied by the diet.

96
Q

What type of reaction is required to bind two molecules of glycine together and release a molecule of water?

A

Condensation.

97
Q

When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a…

A

dipeptide.

98
Q

What is the composition of a tripeptide?

A

Three amino acids bonded together

99
Q

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

A

Order of amino acids in the peptide chain.

100
Q

Which of the following would be classified as a polypeptide?

A

20 amino acids bonded together.

101
Q

The following amino acids are linked together: glycine-lysine-valine. This compound is a…

A

tripeptide

102
Q

The weak electrical attractions within polypeptide chains account for the protein’s…

A

secondary structure

103
Q

Which of the following is a feature of hemoglobin?

A

It is constructed of 4 polypeptide chains

104
Q

What is the process by which heat or acidity disrupts the normal shape of a protein chain?

A

Denaturation

105
Q

What process results in the hardening of an egg when it is exposed to heat?

A

Denaturation

106
Q

After a hamburger is eaten, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its protein initiated?

A

stomach

107
Q

What is the name of the inactive form of the protein-splitting enzyme in the stomach?

A

Pepsinogen

108
Q

In what organ is pepsin active?

A

Stomach

109
Q

Protein-hydrolyzing enzymes are commonly known as…

A

proteases

110
Q

What is the usual fate of orally ingested enzyme supplements?

A

Digested by gastrointestinal proteases

111
Q

Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis?

A

The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA.

112
Q

What is the structure of an enzyme?

A

Protein.

Nutrition (4 decks)

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