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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what term means within the cell

A

intracellular

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2
Q

what term means between cells

A

intercellular

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3
Q

what is the term for what happens in a cell between the binding of a ligand to a receptor and the final response in the cell?

A

signal-transduction

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4
Q

what is the term for a drug that can bind to a receptor and trigger signal transduction

A

agonist

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5
Q

what receptor signaling pathway involves a cascade of phosphorylations

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

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6
Q

what enzyme converts cAMP into AMP, thus inactivating it

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

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7
Q

state two type of receptors that are themselves enzymes

A

receptor tyrosine kinase
guanylyl cyclase receptor

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8
Q

what are the substrate and products of the reaction catalyzed by guanylyl cyclase?

A

substrate- GTP
products- cyclic GMP & 2 inorganic phosphates

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9
Q

what is the advantage of having so many steps in the signal transduction pathway of many receptors

A

it allows for amplification of the response

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10
Q

Protein receptors for intercellular messengers have the same four characteristics of protein binding sites (chemical specificity, saturation, affinity, and competition). T/F

A

true

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11
Q

The number of protein receptors in the plasma membrane of a cell is very stable over time. T/F

A

false

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12
Q

Intercellular messengers that bind to intracellular receptors are

A

lipophilic

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13
Q

The JAK protein often phosphorylates what transcription factor as discussed in lecture? (use abbreviation)

A

STAT

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14
Q

What was the general name given in lecture for drugs that can bind to a protein receptor but do not activate signal transduction.

A

antagonist

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15
Q

most intracellular receptors are transcription factors T/F

A

true

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16
Q

most intercellular messengers bind to

A

membrane-bound receptors

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17
Q

ion channel receptors are

A

ligand-gated ion channels

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18
Q

what effect does the alpha subunit of the Gi protein have on adenylyl cyclase

A

decrease its activity

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19
Q

Red blood cells in an isotonic solution are

A

lozenge shaped

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20
Q

Red blood cells put in a hypertonic solution will

A

shrivel and become crenated

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21
Q

Red blood cells put in a hypotonic solution will

A

be destroyed by hemolysis

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22
Q

Human erythrocytes function best in a

A

isotonic solution

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23
Q

Match the osmolarity of a nonpenetrating solute with the term describing the solution.
200mOsm
300 mOsm
400 mOsm

A

hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic

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24
Q

Match the osmolarity of a non-penetrating solute with the response of the cell.
200mOsm
300 mOsm
400 mOsm

A

cell swells and lyses
no change in cell volume
cell crenates

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25
Q

A solution containing 300 mOsm of solute, regardless of its composition of membrane-penetrating and non-penetrating solutes.

A

isoosmatic

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26
Q

A solution that causes cells to swell; one that contains less than 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes, regardless of the concentration of membrane-penetrating solutes present.

A

hypotonic

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27
Q

A solution that causes cells to shrink; one than contains greater that 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes, regardless of the concentration of membrane-penetrating solutes present.

A

hypertonic

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28
Q

A solution containing less than 300 mOsm of solute, regardless of its composition of membrane-penetrating and non-penetrating solutes.

A

hypoosmotic

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29
Q

A solution containing greater than 300 mOsm of solutes, regardless of its composition of membrane-penetrating and non-penetrating solutes.

A

hyperosmotic

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30
Q

A solution that does not cause a change in cell volume; one that contains 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes, regardless of the concentration of membrane-penetrating solutes present.

A

isotonic

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31
Q

“Osmosis” refers to the movement of ___ across semipermeable membranes.

A

water

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32
Q

Adding one mole of NaCl to one liter of water will lower the water concentration twice as much as adding one mole of glucose. T/F

A

true

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33
Q

Adding one gram of NaCl to one liter of water will lower the water concentration twice as much as adding one gram of glucose. (The molecular mass of NaCl is 58.5 ; that of glucose is 180) T/F

A

false

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34
Q

The higher the osmolarity of the solution, the higher the concentration of water in it. T/F

A

false

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35
Q

The intracellular concentration of water in the cells of the body is the same as the extracellular concentration of water. T/F

A

true

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36
Q

If a cell were placed in a solution of 0.15 M NaCl, it would swell. T/F

A

false

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37
Q

In the body, sodium ions behave as if they are non-penetrating solutes because they are actively transported out of cells. T/F

A

true

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38
Q

the movement of charge is called

A

current

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39
Q

the difference in charge between two locations is called the

A

voltage

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40
Q

what chemicals are produced when cyclooxygenase enzymes are activated

A

prostaglandins

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41
Q

what enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from a membrane phospholipid

A

phospholipase A2

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42
Q

what protein does calcium bind to in order to active a specific protein kinase

A

calmodulin

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43
Q

what are the organs of the central nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord

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44
Q

what two organ systems are involves in coordinating the functions of cells to maintain homeostasis? which of these two systems acts more specifically and quickly

A

nervous system - quicker and specific
endocrine system

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45
Q

what are the two sources for the calcium that can enter the cytosol of cells

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
extracellular fluid

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46
Q

what are three components of a synapse

A

presynaptic axon terminal
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic density

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47
Q

what are the three types of synapses based on the location of the synapse on the post-synaptic cell

A

axiomatic synapses
axodendritic synapses
axo-axonic synapses

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48
Q

how does the concentration of first messenger at a receptor decrease over time

A

diffusion of the first messenger out of the local area enzymes degrade the messenger reuptake by releasing cell or uptake by other cell receptor-mediated endocytosis

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49
Q

how does phosphorylation of receptors reduce the activity of the signal transduction pathway

A

phosphorylation of the receptor can decrease the receptors affinity for the first messenger and its second messenger
phosphorylation can also target the receptor for endocytosis

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50
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

makes myelin in central nervous system

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51
Q

Schwann cell

A

makes myelin in peripheral nervous system

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52
Q

astrocytes

A

regulate concentration of neurotransmitters, nutrients, ions in the cerebrospinal fluid help form the blood-brain-barrier

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53
Q

microglia

A

immune function for central nervous system

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54
Q

ependymal

A

line ventricles and make cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

what proteins are involved in anterograde transport in axons

A

kinesins

56
Q

a solution containing 200mM of a permeable solute and 300mM of a non-permeable solute would be

A

hyper osmotic

57
Q

solution containing 200mM of a permeable solute and 300mM of a non-permeable solute wold be

A

isotonic

58
Q

what proteins are involved in retrograde transport in axons

A

dyneins

59
Q

a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS is called a

A

ganglion

60
Q

a collection of neuronal axons inside the CNS is called a

A

tract

61
Q

which type of neurons are numerous

A

interneurons

62
Q

a single neuron can be both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic T/F

A

true

63
Q

a single neuron may be post-synaptic to thousands of pre-synaptic neurons T/F

A

true

64
Q

Which of the following are second messengers?

A

alpha subunits of G proteins
calcium
DAG
IP3
cAMP

65
Q

Gs and Gi protein-coupled receptors would not both be present in the same cell. T/F

A

false

66
Q

Neurons usually use _______________ for intracellular communication, and _______________ for intercellular communication.

A

electrical signals
chemical signals

67
Q

The excess negative change in cells is

A

only along the membrane

68
Q

what protein uses the most ATP in the brain

A

Sodium-potassium pump

69
Q

what 2 factors determine the driving force for ions?

A

concentration gradient
electrical gradient (voltage)

70
Q

what is the name of the equation that can be used to determine the equilibrium potential for an ion

A

Nernst equation
Veq= 1/valence (61.54) log [ion]o/[ion]i

71
Q

what equation was given in lecture for the flux of an ion

A

J ion=G ion(Vm-Veq)

72
Q

If you decrease the extracellular concentration of the above cation, what will happen to its equilibrium potential?
a. More negative
b. More positive
c. Less negative
d. Less positive

A

less positive

73
Q

A trivalent cation has an intracellular concentration of 0.1 mM and an extracellular concentration of 10 mM.
What is the equilibrium potential of this cation

A

Veq= 1/3 (62mV) log 10mM/0.1mM
Veq=41.2mV

74
Q

What happens to potassium’s equilibrium potential if you increase the amount of potassium in the cell?
a. It becomes more negative
b. It becomes less negative

A

it becomes more negative

75
Q

What happens to sodium’s equilibrium potential if you increase the amount of sodium outside the cell?
a. It becomes more positive
b. It becomes less positive

A

it becomes more positive

76
Q

If an anion has a higher concentration outside the cell than inside the cell, the anion’s equilibrium potential will be
a. Negative
b. Positive

A

negative

77
Q

At the resting membrane potential, which ion has the greater driving force?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium

A

sodium

78
Q

Assuming the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium, at the resting membrane potential
a. The inward flux of sodium equals the outward flux of potassium
b. The inward flux of sodium is greater than the outward flux of potassium
c. The inward flux of sodium is less than the outward flux of potassium

A

the inward flux of sodium equals the outward flux of potassium

79
Q

If more potassium leaves the cell than sodium comes in, assuming those two are the only permeable ions, then the membrane potential will
a. Become more negative
b. Become less negative
c. Not change

A

become more negative

80
Q

If the membrane potential becomes more negative, what happens to the driving force for sodium?
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Not change

A

increase

81
Q

If the membrane potential becomes more negative, what happens to the driving force for potassium?
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Not change

A

decrease

82
Q

the excess negative charge in a cell is

A

only next to the membrane

83
Q

potassiums equilibrium potential is

A

negative

84
Q

sodiums equilibrium potential is

A

positive

85
Q

only an extremely small percentage of the K+ in the cell has to leak out to cause 80mV change in the membrane potential T/F

A

true

86
Q

which ion is more permeable at rest
calcium
potassium
sodium

A

potassium

87
Q

_____have equilibrium potentials
both membrane and ions
ions
membranes

A

ions

88
Q

a solution that contains 400mM of a non-permeable solute and 200mM of a permeable solute would be
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic

A

hypertonic

89
Q

a solution that contains 400mM of a non-permeable solute and 200mM of a permeable solute would be
hyper osmotic
hypo-osmotic
iso-osmotic

A

hyper osmotic

90
Q

Assuming the membrane is only permeable to sodium and potassium, at the resting membrane potential, the flux of sodium into the cell equals the flux of potassium out of the cell. T/F

A

true

91
Q

If you have two chambers separated by a semi-permeable membrane that is only permeable to potassium, and you put 10 mM of potassium chloride in one chamber, and 1 mM of potassium chloride and 9 mM of sodium chloride in the other chamber, potassium will flux across the membrane until the concentration of potassium is the same on both sides.T/F

A

false

92
Q

What protein uses the most ATP in the brain?

A

sodium-potassium pump

93
Q

If the concentration of a monovalent anion is 3mM inside the cell and 30mM outside the cell, what is the equilibrium potential of the anion in mV?

A

-62mV

94
Q

If a cell does not regulate chloride concentrations, then the equilibrium potential for chloride equals the resting membrane potential in that cell.
a. True
b. False

A

true

95
Q

The concentration of potassium is the same in the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood.
a. True
b. False

A

false

96
Q

if you increase the potassium permeability, what will happen to the membrane
potential?
a. Depolarize
b. Hyperpolarize

A

hyper polarize

97
Q

If you increase the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to
the membrane potential?
a. Depolarize
b. Hyperpolarize

A

hyper polarize

98
Q

If you increase the intracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen
to the membrane potential?
a. Depolarize
b. Hyperpolarize

A

hyper polarize

99
Q

Changing the extracellular concentration of __________________ has a bigger impact on the resting membrane potential.
a. Potassium
b. Sodium

A

potassium

100
Q

extracellular sodium concentration = 100 mM
intracellular sodium concentration =10 mM
extracellular potassium concentration = 10 mM
intracellular potassium concentration = 100 mM
the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium
sodium and potassium have the same permeability across the membrane
What is the membrane potential?

A

0 mV

101
Q

If there are no active transport mechanisms for chloride in a cell, the concentration of chloride will be

A

higher outside the cell

102
Q

If you increase the sodium permeability, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

103
Q

If you increase the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

104
Q

If you increase the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

A

depolarize

105
Q

Depolarization ______________ the driving force for potassium to leave the cell

A

increases

106
Q

decreasing the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to

A

hyper polarize

107
Q

decreasing the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride would cause the cell to

A

depolarize

108
Q

decreasing a cells permeability to sodium will cause the cell to

A

hyper polarize

109
Q

decreasing a cells permeability to potassium will cause the cell to

A

depolarize

110
Q

a solution that contains 100mM of a non-permeable solute and 200mM of permeable solute it

A

iso-osmotic

111
Q

a solution contains 100mM of non-permeable solute and 200mM of permeable solute is

A

hypotonic

112
Q

The movement of charge in neurons is faster than the diffusion of ions.
a. True
b. False

A

true

113
Q

When a sodium channel opens in a graded potential, this causes the flux of potassium out of the cell to increase.
a. True
b. False

A

true

114
Q

At the resting membrane potential, (select all that apply)
a. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed
b. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open
c. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated
d. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open
e. The voltage-gated sodium channel is close

A

a. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed
e. The voltage-gated sodium channel is close

115
Q

During the depolarization phase of the action potential, (select all that apply)
a. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed
b. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open
c. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated
d. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open
e. The voltage-gated sodium channel is close

A

a. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed
d. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open

116
Q

During the repolarization phase of the action potential, (select all that apply)
a. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed
b. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open
c. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated
d. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open
e. The voltage-gated sodium channel is close

A

b. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open
c. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated

117
Q

During the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential, (select all that apply)
a. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed
b. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open
c. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated
d. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open
e. The voltage-gated sodium channel is close

A

b. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open
e. The voltage-gated sodium channel is close

118
Q

Depolarization causes (select all that apply)
a. The activation gate of the sodium channel to open
b. The activation gate of the sodium channel to close
c. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to open
d. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to close
e. The potassium channel to open
f. The potassium channel to close

A

a. The activation gate of the sodium channel to open
d. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to close
e. The potassium channel to open

119
Q

Repolarization/hyperpolarization causes (select all that apply)
a. The activation gate of the sodium channel to open
b. The activation gate of the sodium channel to close
c. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to open
d. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to close
e. The potassium channel to open
f. The potassium channel to close

A

b. The activation gate of the sodium channel to close
c. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to open
f. The potassium channel to close

120
Q

The inactivation gate of the sodium channel ________________ in response to depolarization.

A

closes

121
Q

Which term is used to mean the membrane potential is becoming more negative?

A

hyperpolarization

122
Q

Which glial cell is involved in regulating brain extracellular fluid potassium concentration?

A

astrocytes

123
Q

During the depolarization phase of the action potential,

A

the sodium channel is open and the potassium channel is closed

124
Q

Graded potentials can happen in (select all that apply)
-dendrites
-axons
-cell bodies

A

dendrites
cell bodies

125
Q

voltage-gated potassium channel are regulated by

A

negative feedback

126
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels are regulated by

A

positive feedback

127
Q

axon potentials are decremental T/F

A

false

128
Q

graded potentials are all-or-none phenomenon T/F

A

false

129
Q

graded potentials can trigger action potentials T/F

A

True

130
Q

a solution containing only 300mM of a non-permeable solute would be

A

iso-osmotic

131
Q

a solution containing only 300mM of non-permeable solute would be

A

isotonic

132
Q

decreasing the intracellular sodium chloride concentration will cause

A

depolarization

133
Q

decreasing the sodium permeability will cause

A

hyper polarization

A&P (5 decks)

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