Exam 2 Flashcards
(84 cards)
Definition of epidemiology
Study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human population, use both as research methodology for studying states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of specific states of health or illness
-The goal of preventing or limiting consequences and to maximize health status
Definition of epidemic
-outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of disease beyond that of which is normally found in the population
Definition of rates
-The primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence, or the existence of a specific state of health or illness
What were the early discoveries and attempt at understanding the reasons for disease
A direct result of trial and error observations of individual people
Who was John Grant?
-wrote the bills of mortality in 1662, which was a study of patterns of disease, analyzed weekly reports of births and deaths in London
-Precursor to vital statistics
Who was William far?
-registrar General in 1839 who set up a system for consistent collection of numbers and causes of death/contributing to the understanding of distribution of illness and death
Who was John snow?
-The Broad Street pump
-British physician, who is the best known epidemiologists of the 19th century
-Through observation and population data he investigated the outbreak of cholera and where it was particularly high by two interwoven, water, mains, and I heavily sewage polluted area of the Thames river
-Findings were published on the mode of communication of Clorea (1855)
What is the epidemiologic triad/triangle?
Health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host agent and environment
What is the host of the epidemiologic, triad/triangle?
Who is health status is a concern, and what are the host factors (modifiable and nonmodifiable)
What is the agent of the epidemiologic logic triad?
Five groups physical, including heat in trauma
Chemical like pollutants medication’s or drugs
Nutritional like proteins fats C HO’s water, vitamins,
psychosocial (stress, social, isolation, social support)
Biologic like bacterial toxins, or viruses
What is interfering with normal function?
What is the environment aspect of the epidemic logic, triad/triangle
Three categories
Biologic, including plants and animals
Physical, including the structure of the environment
Social environment, including culture, technology demographics, political system, sociologic factors
What is the wheel of causation?
Emphasizes the interaction or interplay between physical biologic and social environment Demphasizing the agent as the sole cause of the disease
What is the web of causation?
-A model that strongly emphasizes multiple causations to design ways to interpret the chain of adverse events
-Direct and indirect factors can be identified example drug use
What is natural history of disease?
Integrated the pathogenesis of an illness with primary secondary and tertiary prevention measures
What is primary preventive?
To prevent on site and healthy people pre-pathogenesis
What is secondary preventive?
Signs and symptoms have developed what can be implemented during the early stages
What is tertiary preventive
-What can be implemented rehab palliation to help the person? Aggregate to function to the capacity
What is the application of the nursing process/problem-solving when applying epidemiological principles in nursing practice/connection
Focuses on individual care, corner, stone, and Nursing and the epidemiologic care of community
Both the individual assessment and community assessment…
Use the epidemiologic principles
Surveillance of behavioral risks of an individual group or community
A thorough and accurate database that provides the evidence and rational’s for interventions
-Using the assessment and data for planning on implementation of the interventions
-Promoting healthy lifestyles education
Applying epidemiologic principles in nursing practice/connections in preventing and controlling outbreaks
An example of an epidemologic process an action
-Preventing the transmission of communicable diseases cholera (bacteria) malaria from mosquito bites, influenza, which is airborne, salmonellosis (fecal, oral route, food, and water)
Applying epidemiologic principles in nursing practice/connection, evaluating the effectiveness of health services
Compare a epidemiological stats before an after a Health Service has been implemented
What are epidemiologic descriptive studies
-design to acquire more information on the occurrence/frequency and the distribution of health and health problems in the community and its magnitude
-design to acquire more information on the characteristics of persons, places and times it affects
-Designed to show how people different in terms of health
What have determined measurable risk factors for major illnesses?
-epidemiologic descriptive studies
How do epidemiologic descriptive studies measure risk factors for major illnesses
-Buy demonstrating the seriousness of the problem
-Identifying when and where it occurs
-Identify and cues/data on how the condition evolved and why it exist
-Identifies what diseases disabilities or needs they have
-What health services they need?
-Can determine who is at risk or not at risk
-Identify which people are likely to develop certain health problems
