Exam 2

Question 1

A salt is a chemical reaction between

Answer 1

an acid and base

Question 2

How is salt different from an ionized acid or base

Answer 2

it contains a counter-ion while an ionized species does not

Question 3

Inorganic salts: counter ion is _____ carbon based
Organic salts: counter ion ____ carbon based

Answer 3

is not
is

Question 4

Inorganic salts can only increase the solubility of what

Answer 4

lipids

Question 5

If a salt is a cation what is the drug (counter ion is positive)

Answer 5

anion, acidic group

Question 6

The ionic nature of the salt enhances ___________ and _________ of solid drug in water

Answer 6

solvation and dissolution

Question 7

Organic salts can enhance solubility of what

Answer 7

water and lipids

Question 8

All organic salts that are water soluble contain numerous ________ groups capable of H-bonding with water

Answer 8

polar

Question 9

Lipid soluble organic salts contain substantial ________ ______________ that act to enhance lipid solubility

Answer 9

nonpolar hydrocarbons

Question 10

Drug-drug interactions can occur if ______ drugs are mixed with _______ drugs and vice versa because they will react with each other to form a salt

Answer 10

acidic and basic

Question 11

n-octanol has a ________ hydrocarbon chain and a _______ head group which mimics phospholipids

Answer 11

non-polar
polar

Question 12

The ratio of the concentration of compound that was found in the n-octanol later to the concentration found in the water layer is called the

Answer 12

partition coefficient (P)

Question 13

Functional groups that are polar but will not H-bond will have properties…

Answer 13

in between aqueous and lipid loving

Question 14

Functional groups that are not polar, will interact well with ________

Answer 14

lipids

Question 15

For an alcohol group, if there are ________ carbons per alcohol group the molecule will be water soluble

Answer 15

3 or less

Question 16

Butyl alcohol has _________ and is marginally water soluble

Answer 16

4 carbons

Question 17

Pentanol is not water soluble due to __________

Answer 17

5 carbons

Question 18

The ability of _____ to solubilize 4 carbons can be extended to other functional groups to estimate their contribution to aqueous solubility

Answer 18

alcohol

Question 19

When the amount of carbons solubilized is less than the total amount of carbons present…

Answer 19

it would not be water soluble

Question 20

When the amount of carbons solubilized is equal to the total amount of carbons present…

Answer 20

it is on the borderline of being water soluble

Question 21

What are the two things that enantiomers differ in

Answer 21

direction they rotate polarized light
how they interact with other chiral compounds

Question 22

Equation for how to find number of isomers

Answer 22

of isomers = 2^n
n = # of stereoisomers

Question 23

Each compound can have only 1 perfect mirror image = 1 _________________

Answer 23

enantiomer
*other stereoisomers are diasteromers

Question 24

Enantiomers interact differently with _____ and _____ receptors

Answer 24

Taste and smell

Question 25

Chiral drugs ______ bind stereoselectivity

Answer 25

Can

Question 26

Diastereomers are different molecules

Answer 26

They have different chemical and pharmacological properties Can be separated easily

Question 27

Eutomer

Answer 27

Better fitting enantiomer (higher affinity)

Question 28

Disrobed

Answer 28

Lower affinity (lower potency) enantiomer

Question 29

Both isomers contribute _________ to the side effect

Answer 29

Equally

Question 30

The ______ are what enable the drug to bind to the receptor = target with potency and specificity

Answer 30

IMF

Question 31

Covalent bond have a delta G of -40 to -110 kcal/mol what does this mean

Answer 31

It has a very strong interaction and are irreversible

Question 32

Some specific ________ __________ form a covalent bond to their target

Answer 32

Enzyme inactivators (Covalent bond must be broken to regain enzymatic activity)

Question 33

What kind of an agent causes molecules that transfer a carbon chain to covalently modify target

Answer 33

Alkylating

Question 34

Most drug target interactions are

Answer 34

Non covalent

Question 35

Ionic interactions delta G is -5 to -10 kcal/mol what does this mean

Answer 35

Less of a commitment so like an engaged couple

Question 36

What are the acidic AA and what charge will they have

Answer 36

Asp Glu Tyr Cys (Negative charge = anionic found at C terminal)

Question 37

What are the basic AA and what charge will they have

Answer 37

Lys Arg His (Positive charge = cationic, found at N terminal)

Question 38

Hydrogen bond have a delta G of -3 to -7 kcal/mol per H bond what does this mean

Answer 38

Little to no commitment like casual dating

Question 39

H bonds have _________ _________ and weaken as atoms move too far away

Answer 39

Optimum distances

Question 40

H bond are highly ________ preferring to be co-linear

Answer 40

Directional

Question 41

To form new hydrogen bond with the target the hydrogen bonds with water must be ______ and then _______ with the target

Answer 41

Broken and reformed

Question 42

To enable hydrogen binding you must also have other ________ to get an overall increase in energy to have a favorable binding

Answer 42

Interactions

Question 43

Molecular dipole exists because positive and negative charges do not ______ in most molecules

Answer 43

Overlap

Question 44

Dipole moments is defined as the _____________ times ___________

Answer 44

Magnitude of the charge times the distance between them

Question 45

Dipole interactions have a -1 to -7 kcal/mol interaction what does this mean

Answer 45

Is a low commitment which is like causal flirting

Question 46

A dipole will orient itself around ____ ____ to maximize favorable interactions and minimize unfavorable ones

Answer 46

An ion

Question 47

In ion-dipole there are often several non-covalent interactions occurring at the ______

Answer 47

Same time

Question 48

Charge transfer is mediated by interactions between the _____________________ of a donor and an acceptor

Answer 48

pi electron clouds (occurs between electron-rich donor molecules and electron-deficient acceptors)

Question 49

Donors are typically pi electron-rich aromatic rings with ________________ substituents

Answer 49

electron donating

Question 50

Acceptors are often pi electron-deficient aromatic rings with _________ substituents

Answer 50

electron withdrawing

Question 51

The range for charge transfer is -1 to -7 kcal/mol what does this mean

Answer 51

Weak interactions (like flirting)

Question 52

Cations can bind to pi face of an aromatic ring through a strong non-covalent force called

Answer 52

cation-pi interactions

Question 53

Pi electrons are localizes where on the plane of a ring

Answer 53

above and below

Question 54

Van der Waals are a significant force for what kind of groups

Answer 54

nonpolar that can not participate in other noncovalent interactions

Question 55

Ordered water = lower disorder = decreased _________ = unfavorable

Answer 55

entropy

Question 56

If nonpolar groups associate with each other instead of water then the water is _________

Answer 56

released (water is then able to tumble in space, increased entropy, favorable)

Question 57

When non-polar groups associate, they gain van der Waals interactions and get how many energy contributions at the same time

Answer 57

2