exam 2 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Reproductive structures (female)
A
ovary
ovareole
calyx
lateral oviduct
accessory gland
vagina
common oviduct
terminal filament
2
Q
Male reproductive structures
A
vas deferenes
seminal vesicles
accessory glands
ejaculatory duct
penis
gonopore
connective tissue sheath
testicular follicle
epitheal sheath
3
Q
Testicular function
A
-zone of growth
-zone of maturation and reduction
-zone of transformation
-somatozoa
4
Q
Oviparous
A
laying eggs ex.moths
5
Q
ovoviparous
A
internal fertilization and incubation ex flies
6
Q
viviparous
A
giving birth to live young rather than laying eggs
ex.aphids
7
Q
Parthenogensis
A
reproducing without fertilization
8
Q
haploidiploidy
A
sexual reproduction if they inseminate the egg
ex. tsetse fly
9
Q
Arrhenmotoky
A
generation not fertilized is male
10
Q
Thelytoky
A
unfertilized egg becomes female
ex. lepidoptera
11
Q
Amphitoky
A
generation not fertilized can be male or female
12
Q
PTH (Prothoraxsotropic)
A
formed in insects brain
moved to the corpus cadiacum (structure in insects brain)
13
Q
Ecdysone
A
made in prothoraxic gland and secreted by prothoraxic gland
13
Q
Function of PTH
A
binds to receptors in prothorax
stimulates them to release ecdysone
14
Q
Function of Ecdysone
A
molting hormone, stimulates chain of events for insect to mold, turns on cell divison, turns of secretion of molting fluid
15
Q
Juvenile hormones
A
produced in corpus allatum. Inhibits metamorphisis, keeps organisms as a juvenile.
16
Q
Bursicon
A
hardening of the cuticle after the insect has enclosed from the old cuticle
17
Q
Diapause
A
decrease in metabolism so insects can delay development
18
Q
Facultative
A
due to environmental cues telling the insect its not favorable conditions
19
Q
Obligatory
A
every insect in every generation is required to go into diapause or its unable to continue life development
20
Q
Insect cuticle
A
protective exoskeleton
21
Q
Function of insect cuticle
A
reduces desication and being eaten
22
Q
Histology
A
three layers:
-basal laminal (basement membrane)
-epidermis (living layer)
-cuticle (is sclerotized)
23
Q
Sclerotized
A
hardened
24
Endocuticle
digested during molting,
sclerotized very little, soft and squishy
25
Exocuticle
shed as the exuvia during ecdysis, shed as the insect is molting
26
Epicuticle
the thinnest layer,
does not have chitin does not sclerotize
27
Wax layer
formed by patches of lipids between the cement layer
28
cement layer
hard layer reduces water loss
29
cuticulin layer
thin layer of proteins with lipids, first layer secreted after molting
30
Inner epicuticle
slightly thicker than the cuticulin layer
31
cuticular proteins
arthopains-soluble
resilin-flexible
sclerotins-stabilized, structured proteins
32
Apolysis
digestion of old cuticle
33
Ecdysis
splitting of cuticle along ecdysial cleavage lines and emergence of insect
34
Insect skeleton
plates-sclerites
grooves-sutures
35
Internal structure of insect skeleton
ridges that muscle attach
spines-apophysis
segments-somites, metameres
36
Structure of nervous system
nuerons
soma
dendrites
axons
37
Glial cells
support and protection for the nuerons
38
Types of nuerons
dendrites, unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
39
Unipolar neurons
stimulate muscles or glands
40
Bipolar neurons
one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma.
ex.which receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain.
41
Multipolar neurons
multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites.
ex.
42
responsible for movement in the central nervous system
nuero-ganglia and thorax ganglia
43
Overarching brain
encompassses thoraxic ganglion
44
subesophageal ganglion
respond and coordinate sense organs
-neck, salivary glands
45
Abdominal ganglion
sensory and motor nuerons for genitalia
46
Stomata gastric nervous system
frontal ganglia, hypocerebral ganglion, caudel ganglion
47
frontal ganglia
coordinates the mouth with the foregut, ventral visaral system, opening/close of sphericals
48
hypocerebral ganglion
corpus cadacum, corpus allatum
49
caudel ganglion
prosteriohind gut and internal reproduced organs
50
sensory organs
take info from the internal or external environment and move it to the peripheal nervous system to eventually get to the central or stomatic nervous system
51
central nervous system brains
protocerebrum
duetocerebrum
tritocerebrum
52
Protocerebrum
process info from the eyes
53
Duetocerebrum
process info from the antennae, in charge of smelling
54
tritocerebrum
connecting the other 2 brains to the stomatic gastric
55
resting potential
-70 mv
56
channels in the action potential
once a threshold is hit and enough sodium goes through membrane. Forces all the sodium channels to open. Cause depolarization effect, now the membrane is very positive
57
sensory system
-sensilla
-mechanoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
58
mechanoreceptors
responding to movement
59
chemoreceptors
respond to smell and taste
60
photoreceptors
responding to electromagnetic radiation
61
thermoreceptors
responding to changes in temperature
62
sensilla transduction
sensilla has to transduce to other nervous systems
63
sensilla cells
receptor cells,accessory cell, proprioreceptor
63
Receptor cells
detect sensations and respond to stimuli
64
accessory cell
secretes structures
65
proprioreceptor
specialized receptors that respond to internal changes
66
components of visual system
-compound eyes
-ommatidium(grouped together)
-ocelli and stemmata
simple eyes
photoreceptor areas
67
ocelli
light changes
dont detect images
stimulated by light
68
stomata
less than 12, not all insects have
-discriminating polarized light
-can create a mosaic image
69
The two regions in ommatidium
dioptric apparatus
receptor apparatus
70
Dioptric apparatus
lense of ommatidium
-corneal pigment cells
-crystalline cone
-corneal lens
71
receptor apparatus
-retinular cell
-rhabdom
-basement membrane
72
Trichoid
sensory organ
73
hair sensilla
sense organ
74
trichogen cell
hair forming
75
tormogen cell
socket forming
76
stretch receptors
-internal
-attach to connective tissue and/or muscle
-associated with multi plural nuerons
-responding to movement of an organ getting larger(seen on gut)
77
gustation
taste
78
olfaction
smell
79
Basicionic
peglike w/ many pores
-used for olfaction
-on antennae + mouth part
80
colioconic
olfaction+gustation
81
plate organs
penetrated by pores
chemoreceptor
many sensilla within pit
ex. aphids and honey bees
82
taxis
organism is responding to the environmental stimulus
83
Different types of taxis
geotaxis
photo
anemo
phono
astro
84
intra communication
within a species
85
interspecifc communication
within different species
86
aggregation pheromones
attract both sexs
87
sex pheromone
produced by the gender and attract the other. Long range communication
88
alarm pheromone
a type of chemical insects put out to signal to the rest of the colony that there is a threat/danger
89
niche
where insect occurs and what is its role in food etc
90
resource partitioning
partitioning resources so they don't have to compete
91
predator avoidance tactics
passive resistance
cryptic coloration
hide
heavy armor
reflex immobility
autonomy
toxins
reflective bleeding
aposmatic coloration
mimicry
92
Batesian mimicry
only model is toxic mimic is not
93
mullerian mimicry
both model and mimic aren't suitable for eating, toxic
94
active defense
decisions that the organism is making
95
volatile controls
pheromones
attractions
96
genetic control
sterile male
97
microbial insecticides
bacillus thuringiensis
fungi
nematodes
98
Botanical control
pyrethrum
nicotine
99
insecticides
inorganic compounds
-arsenic
-soaps
100
synthetic organic compounds
ddt
pyrethoids
101
insect growth regulators
metamorphosis
chitin production
102
Medical entomology
damage/disease by insects
hematophagous
103
Hematophagous
feed on blood
-obligate vs faculatative
-challenges
-biting flies
104
ectoparasites
fleas and lice
105
Yellow fever
mosquito transmitted yellow fever
106
Malaria
229 million infected
over 400 thousand people die per year
transmitted by anopheles mosquitos
107
Myiasis
fly infects tissue
dead or living tissue
108
embryogenesis
occurs when the egg is fertilized. And there is a multiplication of cells
109
metamorphosis
rapid development after birth
110
morphogenesis
growth, molting, and maturation of an insect
111
hemmetebalous
incomplete metamorphosis
112
holometabolous
complete development
113
hyper metamorphosis
multiple types of larva and adults
114
Polyembryonie
one egg can generate multiple larva
115
Adult development
-pupa
-imaginal discs
In larva they will increase in number
-eclosion
The actual hatching from the egg or pupa. Whenever the insect leaves outside of the protected shell. Larva breaks out of chorion shell its called eclosion. When an adult breaks out of pupa it is also eclosion.
116
eclosion
the organism has to chew its way out or it can digest the case.Lepidotera release an enzyme called cacoonase that breaks down pupal case of lepidoptera.
117
copulation
mating
118
polytropic
nurse cells travel with the oocytes, each oocyte is closely associated with their nurse cells and travel with them.
119
telotropic
primary oocyte is developed in gerarium, its still attached to a nurse cell in the gerarium. Added nutrients provided by nurse cell. Only one nurse cell for oocyte
120
terminal filament
All terminal filaments wrap together to stabilize the structure if multiple terminal ovarioles are present.
121
accessory glands
stabilizes material, antibacterial properties, balance of nutrients, balance ph
122
protective measures of plants
Resistance
-non-preference
-antibiosis
-tolerance
123
Monophagous
feed on closely related species, least competition for food, population requires the presence of specific food to survive
124
polyphagous
eat everything, food is abundant, competition is high
125
oligophagous
little competition for food but population fluctuates with the abundance of food
126
gall insects
produce their own food. Insects produce a hormone that forces the plant to develop tissue around the insect.
127
challenges to feeding
-location of food
-cessation
-feed
-continue feeding
-termination
128
Feeding behavior
detritivores
-carnivores
-omnivores
-phytophagous
129
detritivores
Insects that feed on dead matter
Saprophagus
-xylophagus
-phytosaprophagous
-scatophagous
- necrophagous
130
Mycetophagous
Living or dead fungal feeder
131
parasitoid types
Symbiosis
-parasitism
-parasitoid
132
Stages of decomposition
Fresh stage
Bloated stage
decay stage
post decay stage
dry stage
133
Fresh stage
1-2 days
Bacteria increase
first colonization of flies appear
134
Bloated stage
2-6 days
increased metabolic activity
body looks like a balloon
blow flies colonize carcass
natural community leaves area
135
Decay stage
5-11 days
increased surface area for increased colonization
extreme maggot activity
beetles begin to inhabit carcass
136
Post decay stage
10-25 days
dermestid and rove beetles are the main decomposer
dry skin and cartilage broken down
137
Dry stage
25+ days
bone and hair remain
normal community returns
138
insects important for succession
blow flies
flesh flies
house flies
cheese skippers
soldier flies
coleoptera: break down cartilage and hair
rove beetles
dermestid beetles
carrion beetles
139
Importance of forensic entomology
legal investigation
information collect can be useful in death analysis
decomposition is required for our earth systems to continue
