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Psych100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

First and second cell division

A

~30 hours after conception. second on Day 2

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2
Q

Germinal stage

A

First 2 weeks, there is a zygote (initially splits, then differentiates into different body structures)

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3
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2-8th week, embryo forms where zygote’s outer part attacehs to the uterine wall
- starting to form the placenta
- during this stage there is a possibility of zygote getting stuck in fallopian tubes which is life-threatening
- this is also where hormones are released in which the fetus responds to generate sex organs for boys

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4
Q

Fetal Stage

A

8th week to birth, Fetus

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5
Q

Placenta

A

Transfers nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, and hormones from the mother to the the fetus

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6
Q

Placenta protection function

A

Forms a barrier (placental barrier) that filters out harmful substances called teratogens, ex. medications, drugs, chemicals, alcohol (however some teratogens like alcohol are unfilterable exceptions)
- Prohibits blood transfusion between mother and fetus

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7
Q

Infancy

A

Newborn to toddler (0-3 years old)

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8
Q

Childhood

A

Toddler (3) to teenager

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9
Q

Primitive newborn reflexes

A

Rooting, sucking, and moro reflexes help aid in survival of newborn

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10
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Turns head towards gentle touch

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11
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Instinctively sucks on anything that touches the roof of their mouth

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12
Q

Moro reflex

A

Pre-evolutionary times, also known as startle reaction or embrace reflex, if baby falls downward it reaches arms out as if to be caught or grabbed

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13
Q

Brain development

A
  • Brain cells are present before birth
  • Neural network development: 3-6 frontal lobe (rational planning), 6 to puberty association areas performs complex cognitive processes and memories form and planning occurs etc.
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14
Q

Motor ability

A

First infants roll over, 6 months they sit unsupported, 8-9 months they begin crawling, 12 months beginning to walk, 15 months walking independently

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15
Q

Piagets stage theory

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), pre-operational stage (2-6/7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (12)

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16
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Infants learn about world through senses and actions, - tasting and touching everything
- object permanence (8 months) objects don’t disappear and are always there
Stranger anxiety (7-8 months) infants differentiate between family and strangers, important against predators

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17
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Memory and language develops, rely on intuition rather than logical reasoning
- Egocentric: cannot see what another person sees from their perspective
- Lacks ability of conservation: knowledge of mass, volume, and number remain same despite changes in form or shape

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18
Q

Concrete operational

A

Kids start to understand logic and reason
- Identity
- Acquire ability of conservation, comparison, and categorization
- Mathematical transformation

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19
Q

Formal operational

A

Reasoning ability expands from concrete to abstract thinking, use symbols and imagined realities
- think in full logic

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20
Q

Temperament

A

Easy: calm, cheerful adaptation to new situations
Difficult: intense negative reactions to unexpected events and slow to adjust to change
Slow-to-warm-up: mild negative reactions to new events, gradually adapt to new situations with repeated exposure
- emotional aspect of personality

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21
Q

Imprinting

A

Occurs only in species where newborns are able to move from birth (not humans)

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22
Q

Critical periods

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A

Different developmental periods like walking, talking, etc.

23
Q

Attachment theory origin

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A

Infants bond with mothers through bodily contact and not nourishment

24
Q

Insecure attachment

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A

Great anxiety occurs in infants if mother is removed, affects them later by making them anti-social, introverted, scared of others

25
Attachment theory importance
Bond between parent and child have lifelong impacts on child, interaction with one another shapes child's mental model
26
Attachment styles
Developed through strange-situation paradigm - Secure attachment, normal, happy with mother and sad without Insecure attachment which consists of anxious-avoidant and anxious-ambivalent
27
Anxious-avoidant attachment
Calm when mother leaves and fine, distant, cold (bad), high heart rates and anxiety levels
28
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Clinging, very close with mother, freaks out without mother extreme
29
Attachment statistics
60% of children express secure attachment 30% show insecure attachment
30
Adolescence
Life between childhood and adulthood
31
Physical puberty changes
Primary sexual characteristics - Reproductive organs and genatalia develop rapidly Secondary sexual characteristics - Non-reproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls, facial hair and voice tone in men, shows they are ready for reproduction, used for attraction
32
Parent and peer influence
Teens become greatly influenced from parents with beliefs and life choices, peer approval and relationships are also important
33
Adulthood
Begins after mid-twenties, harder to define as stages, aging where women live longer than men, sensory abilities decline, motor abilities decline, memory declines, recognition stays the same - Fluid intelligence declines which is ability to reason speedily - Crystallized intelligence stays which is accumulated knowledge and skills
34
Depression
Mood disorder where a person exeriences two weeks or more of significantly dereessed moods, feelings, or worthlessness and less interest or pleasure in activities
35
Depression symptoms
Dysphoric mood, change of appetite (up or down), sleep (up or down), motor activity (up or down), guilt, concentration, suicide
36
Mania
Extreme euphoria of thoughts or feelings, found usually in patients with bipolar or schizophrenia
37
Mood disorders gender difference
Women experience more depression worldwide
38
Cure of depressive episodes
Self-terminate, anti-depresssants are prescribed if extreme
39
Genetical influences
Mood disorders run in family, genetic transmission
40
Schizophrenia
Group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, cognitive change (biological change)
41
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias
42
Aversive conditioning
Type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior, possibly not permanent
43
Aaron Beck (1979)
suggests that depressed patients believe that can never be happy and associate minor failings as major causes for their depression
44
Group therapy
normally consists of 6-9 people and a 90 minute session which can help more people, cost effective, and benefit from being with others with the same problems
45
Drug therapy
necessary if chemical balance cannot be restored with nondrug therapy strategies, directly alter chemical activity in brain, placebo effect may occur
46
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
otherwise known as shock therapy and was known to be very malpractice, however, now it is used with the patient being unconscious and can restore chemical balance to brain
47
Surger (lobotomy)
severing connection with parts of the brain or removing parts that may have been damaged or gone bad, was sort of effective but drug use is much more common instead and safer
48
Depressive disorder treatments
behavior therapy with environment effects; triggers, cognitive therapy with cognitive triat, interpersonal therapy with social isolation reduction and relationship expansion with others, drug therapy with antidepressants
49
Placebo drug effect
patient thinks they are taking real drug but is actually fake and yet still causes patient to change and get better
50
Anxiety disorder treatments
cognitive and environmental with getting used to the anxiety triggers, drug therapy in severe conditions
51
Phobia disorder treatments
exposure therapy with becoming more used to the thing causing the phobia slowly taking small steps with exposure and ultimately becoming used to phobia
52
Schizophrenia treatments
drug therapy with trial periods to find correct dosage and return to normal life but may cause side effects like tardive dyskinesia which can cause unwanted, noncontrollable movements (very effective treatment), lifestyle change to avoid stressors and not have triggers around them
53

Psych100 (3 decks)

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