Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Duodenum

Answer 1

First part of Small intestine Mix with bile from gallbladder and digestive juice from pancreas HCO3- raises pH to aorund 6.5

Answer 2

Made in liver, stored in gallbladder Helps with digestion, absorption of fats via emulsifying, excretion Composed of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin

Answer 3

Helps break down food, control blood sugar, tell your stomach when to empty, etc. Release pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase

Answer 4

Absorb sugars, AA, and FA

Answer 5

Absorb any remaining nutrients that did not get absorbed by duodenum or jejunum

Answer 6

Active transport: Glucose, AA Facilitated diffusion (active): Monosaccharides Simple diffusion: triglycerides Osmosis: Water

Answer 7

AA cleaving enzyme in SI Has zymogen (trypsinogen) Can cause pancreatitis if not regulated

Answer 8

Broken down by nucleases and are absorbed by active transport We uses their sugar residues

Answer 9

Mostly absorbed in ilium Ca2+ can be actively or passively (osmosis) transported into blood. Supplementation promotes passive

Answer 10

~ 5 feet long 10 hours to several days for processing with average 36 hours. Full of bacteria Absorbs water via osmosis and the aid of mechanical contractions which also push electrolytes into the blood

Answer 11

Semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is left after the SI

Answer 12

Help modulate immune response, regulate other gut bacteria, prevent tumor formation, produce vitamins

Answer 13

Help produce vitamin K2, keep bad bacteria in check. Some strains can cause disease

Answer 14

Produce vitamins and nutrients, boost immunity, protect against carcinogens

Answer 15

(Food poisoning) C. Coli and C. Jejunii most commonly associated with human disease. Ingested through contaminated food

Answer 16

Dangerous when it proliferates following a course of antibiotics

Answer 17

Common cause of post-surgical infections

Answer 18

Air can be ingested through esophagus Non-digestible carbs are broken down without O2 and ferment --> produce gas

Answer 19

Maintain stable internal environment, even when external environment changes

Answer 20

Temperature, blood pH, water levels, blood glucose

Answer 21

Released by pancreas when glucose increases in the blood. The "key" that unlocks the glucose channel

Answer 22

Released by pancreas when low blood sugar and stimulates glycogen breakdown

Answer 23

Genetic autoimmune disease Immune system confuses insulin producing cells in pancreas for a threat so it destroys them

Answer 24

Genetic and environmental factors Pancreas produces too much insulin the receptors stop functioning or don't recognize the insulin anymore Caused by stressful and/or sedentary lifestyle

Answer 25

Nourishment or simply food See flow chart on slide 219

Answer 26

Fuel from different organic substance

Answer 27

Fuel from inorganic substance

Answer 28

Fuel from organic substance with some exceptions like sulfur and iron

Answer 29

Fuel via light

Answer 30

Saprotrophic, parasitic, holozoic

Answer 31

Eat dead plants, dead & decaying animal bodies ex: yeast, mushrooms

Answer 32

Feeds on another actively living organism ex: tapeworm or lice

Answer 33

Ingestion of organic food materials ex: human beings, ameoba Need a mouth

Answer 34

Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores

Answer 35

Eat autotrophs, specialized digestive tracts to breakdown cellulose Cecum digests cellulose via special bacteria and enzymes Longer SI and sometimes multiple stomachs In direct competition with us because they eat our food (crops) ex: Cows, parrots, honeybees

Answer 36

Eat other heterotrophs Require a lot of energy to maintain metabolism ex: lion, shark , polar bears, frogs

Answer 37

Eat other heterotrophs and autotrophs In every animal kingdom and in protists ex: humans, bears, pigs, wasps

Answer 38

Eat dead and decaying things ex: bacterias, earthworms, fungi

Answer 39

a classification of animals by the fact that their mouth developed first Most protostomes are insects

Answer 40

Stomach pH ~6.5-7 Contain relatively few microbial species compared to mammals, some specialized bacteria, organs aren't as separate as ours

Answer 41

Holes which open to environment and are connected to air tubules in insects Insects quiver to breath and push air into these holes

Answer 42

Anus first development Mammals Backward development from protostomes and relates to such animal diversity Complex respiratory system and high energy demand

Answer 43

Herbivores, can be carnivores Pseudomonas syringe = bacteria model organism Botrytis Cinerea = Fungi infect grapes Phytophthora infestans = protist (potato blight)

Answer 44

Protists Single cell carnivores that eat via phagocytosis

Answer 45

Gain energy from the sun but must eat a carbon source Most are bacteria, common in ocean Ex: oriental hornet, paramecium

Answer 46

(stone eater) Chemoheterotrophs that eat inorganic substances (rocks) for carbon sources Ex: Sulfur bacteria, metallosphaera sedula

Answer 47

Eat dead, decomposing tissue ex: Fungi

Answer 48

Spore, mycelium, fruitbody Grow in circles

Answer 49

Release enzymes into the environment to breakdown nutrients from dead tissue and then absorb them (aka digest outside of body) Transport broken down organic back into cell Will grow until out of nutrients (sometimes thousands of years)

Answer 50

Lignin (wood) First and most common organism to do this Great implications on carbon source ecosystems

Answer 51

Symbiotic relationship which one organism benefits while the other is harmed (heterotrophs that hurt host) Complex life cycles that cause them to change hosts Everyone has had a parasite but typically dealt with by immune system before deadly ex: tick and dog, hookworm and human etc., mistletoe to plant

Answer 52

Wear gloves when gardening or cleaning litter boxes, fully cook meat, wash fruit and veggies

Answer 53

Make their own macromolecules for nutrition Producers of ecosystem Most animals depend on them to survive Largest, long-lived organisms

Answer 54

create useable energy WITHOUT light ex: deep in ocean, thermal vents provided sulfur and carbon to deep sea creature (fist life)

Answer 55

Create usable energy using light

Answer 56

Both species benefit from the symbiosis ex: humans and gut bacteria

Answer 57

One species benefits, the other is unaffected by the symbiosis ex: cattle egret and cattle

Answer 58

Mutualistic alliance of plant with fungi (both benefit) Plants call fungus near their roots via chemical release which promotes bacteria growth near plant Fungi and plant can exchange nutrients Likely the reason for plants and animals living on land

Answer 59

Konstantin Mereschkowski

Answer 60

Organelles that distinguish eukaryotes and prokaryotes emerged through mutually beneficial relationship between individual prokaryotes Engulf of one prokaryote by the other gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts See slide 260

Answer 61

MADDR Membranes: Double membrane Antibiotics: susceptible to antibiotics aka bacterial origin Division: Reproduction occurs via fission DNA: Own, naked circular DNA Ribosomes: Ribosomes identical size to prokaryotic

Answer 62

They had 2 endosymbiotic events in their history Mitochon and chloroplast DNA past on via mother because sperm sacrifices to give up DNA

Answer 63

Organic material from ancient plants

Answer 64

from the sun warming one side of the planet and not the other

Answer 65

From the sun evaporating water which falls on higher elevations

Answer 66

Most food chains start with energy from a photosynthetic organism Every carbon in your body has gone through photosynthesis

Answer 67

We breath oxygen from photosynth 60% O2 from plants 40% from photosynthetic ocean life

Answer 68

Plant "mouth" to breath CO2 enters via passive diffusion Opening is controlled via water pressure and light Lose water in vapor and "exhale" O2

Answer 69

Cell wall, rigid, large central vacuole , chloroplasts, lack centrosomes, lack lysosomes

Answer 70

No cell wall, flexible, numerous small vacuoles, no chloroplasts, centrioles/centrosomes, lysosomes

Answer 71

Stem cells that turn into all the other plasts such as chloroplasts, elaioplast, etioplast, amyloplast, cromoplast

Answer 72

See slide 270 Granum Thylakoid stroma inner and outer mem. Stroma lamellae

Answer 73

Disc where photosynthesis occurs stacks of these create granum

Answer 74

6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Endergonic reaction

Answer 75

Because H2O and CO2 don't interact at all. H2O is electron donor that gets oxidized to produce O2 In separate reactions CO2 is e- acceptor making G3P which combines to make glucose RXNs are coupled to make glucose but kept separate

Answer 76

Water oxidized to make ATP and O2

Answer 77

CO2 uses ATP from light side and makes G3P

Answer 78

Occur in thylakoid membrane light + water = ATP + NADPH and byproduct of O2

Answer 79

Larger wavelength = less energy Our eyes see 380-760 nm Plants absorb energy from some of these wavelengths

Answer 80

Plant pigment, light absorber Types a and b Electrons are highly mobile in light absorbing region Hydrocarbon tail that extends into thylakoid membrane to anchor chlorophyll See structure on 277

Answer 81

Packet of light energy Absorbed by the plant to elevate electron from ground state to excited Must be specific wavelength to dislodge e- and make it jump to higher level

Answer 82

Harvests excited electrons and use them to create ATP and NADPH Lost light at lower energy level and will change color (release light of a larger wavelength, lower frequency)

Answer 83

Blue (smaller wavelength)

Answer 84

Orange and red Longer wavelengths

Answer 85

green light is not absorbed by it and therefore is reflected and that is why we see it

Answer 86

energy from excited electron gets transferred from one chlorophyll to another via resonance energy transfer (down a staircase) until it reaches the reaction center where e- is removed from chlorophyll and passed to primary e- acceptor

Answer 87

"Mouth" where energy transfer begins 2 of them Photosystem II comes first but was discovered second

Answer 88

Walk through slides 285-290 Series of redox reactions where electron is dropping energy as it moves through Pq oxidized then Cyt then Pc When reduced they grab a proton when oxidized releases proton to lumen

Answer 89

e- get transferred to a new molecule of chlorophyll replacing a previously removed e- e- get another energy boost from PSI and energy is stored in NADPH

Answer 90

Proton gradient in thylakoid membrane created by ETC flow down their CG to power ATP synthase

Answer 91

ADP --> ATP is NOT a redox reaction It is endergonic but is powered by [H+] gradient

Answer 92

12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18Pi + light ---> 6O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP

Answer 93

Split H2O to replace the energy that is lost with the electron that gets stripped from chlorophyll 2 waters needed to make one O2

Answer 94

CRCR Carbon fixation Reduction Carbohydrate formation Regeneration

Answer 95

stroma of the chloroplasts

Answer 96

Melvin Calvin did via tracking radioactive carbon 14

Answer 97

Go over steps slide 303 Regenerates molecules needed for light reactions

Answer 98

CO2 combined with RuBP ad fixed into organic 6 carbon molecule that is split into 2 3PGA (low PE)

Answer 99

Uses ATP and NADPH (anabolic) the 2 3PGA molecules are converted into G3P (higher PE than 3PGA)

Answer 100

2 G3P is taken out of chloroplast and converted into glucose (or other sugars)

Answer 101

10 G3P and 6 ATP used to regenerate RuBP "Carbon shuffle" Very energy INefficient

Answer 102

Eight catalytic sites where it takes Carbon from CO2 and adds it to RuBP and then splits it in half Most abundant enzyme on the planet Slow and huge Also like O2 which is a problem

Answer 103

6CO2 + 12 NADPH + 6 H2O + 18 ATP --> 2 G3P + 12 H + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi

Answer 104

To the cytosol where it can be made into glucose for CR in mitochon, made into cellulose, sucrose to be transported to different part of plant Can be used to make EVERY other macromolecule (FA, AA, starch, etc)

Exam 2 Flashcards

(131 cards)