Exam 2

Question 1

The vascular system is divided into the _________, ________, and _________

Answer 1

pulmonary arc, systemic arc, and lymphatic system

Question 2

In the pulmonary arc heart pumps blood via ______ ______ to lungs

Answer 2

elastic arteries

Question 3

In the pulmonary arc blood is returned to the heart via ______ ____

Answer 3

elastic veins

Question 4

In the systemic arc heart pumps blood via ______ ______ and _________ ________ to body tissues

Answer 4

elastic arteries and muscular arteries

Question 5

muscular arteries brand to form ________ which terminate as terminal vascular bed

Answer 5

arterioles

Question 6

True or False: Muscle veins join elastic veins

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Fluid from tissues enter small _____ _______ which empty into large _____ _____

Answer 7

lymph vessels, lymph channels

Question 8

Fluid is returned to vascular system when large _____ ______ join the ______ ______ returning blood to the heart

Answer 8

lymph channels, elastic veins

Question 9

Define endocardium layer

Answer 9

completely lines the inner surface of the heart

Question 10

inner subendothelium

Answer 10

dense irregular connective tissue composed of collagen, elastic fibers, and occasional smooth muscle cells

Question 11

outer subendothelium

Answer 11

loose connective tissue composed collagen, elastic fibers. May also have large amount of adipose tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and specialized conduction cells (Purkinje cells)

Question 12

two layers of endocardium

Answer 12

endothelium and subendothelium

Question 13

myocardium is the _____ layer of the heart

Answer 13

thickest

Question 14

What is the difference between ventricular myocardium and atrial myocardium?

Answer 14

ventricular is made of 3 layers and atrial is thinner made of 2 layers

Question 15

epicardium is a ______ membrane covering the external surface of the heart

Answer 15

serous

Question 16

What two layers surround the pericardial sac?

Answer 16

epicardium and parietal pericardium

Question 17

central layer of the valves of the heart are made of what?

Answer 17

collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers

Question 18

chordae tendineae

Answer 18

in AV valves. fibrous cord that helps keep valves shut and prevent backflow

Question 19

Which of the following are characteristics of purkinje fibers?
a. few myofibrils
b. mitochondria and SR present
c. intercalated disks are present
d. modified myocyte
e. all the above

Answer 19

e.

Question 20

Name the three layers of blood vessels in order of innermost to outermost

Answer 20

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 21

What layer of blood vessel is the thickest?

Answer 21

tunica media

Question 22

What is the thickest layer in a vein?

Answer 22

tunica adventitia

Question 23

Pressure in arteries is ____ whereas pressure in veins is ____

Answer 23

high, low

Question 24

elastic arteries conduct blood ___ from the heart and muscular arteries distribute blood to ___ _____

Answer 24

away, the body

Question 25

What are elastic vessels characterized by?

Answer 25

thick tunica media that has fenestrated elastic laminae

Question 26

Elastic veins are usually characterized by?

Answer 26

tunica adventitia is thicker than tunica media

Question 27

What happens if the tunica intima is injured?

Answer 27

it stimulates smooth muscle to produce collagen and elastic fibers. the build up of these fibers is called plaque formation

Question 28

atherosclerosis

Answer 28

build up of plaque on arteries

Question 29

what are muscle vessels characterized by?

Answer 29

by the tunica media being comprised of smooth muscle

Question 30

What will you NOT see in lymph vessels?

Answer 30

RBCs

Question 31

arterioles

Answer 31

-small muscular arteries -1-3 layers of smooth muscle -adventitia blends in w surrounding tissue -act as control valves through which the flow of blood is regulated into the terminal vascular bed

Question 32

venules

Answer 32

-have indistinct tunica media and adventitia -collect blood from terminal vascular bed and lead to larger veins

Question 33

True or False: you will see arterioles and venules together side by side or in close proximity

Answer 33

True

Question 34

arteriovenous anastomoses

Answer 34

shunt blood from arterioles to venules without passing through a capillary bed.

Question 35

Where are arteriovenous anastomoses be found?

Answer 35

skin, digestive tract and erectile tissue of male reproductive tract

Question 36

What is the job of arteriovenous anastomoses?

Answer 36

regulate BP, thermoregulation and erection ect.

Question 37

where are pericytes located?

Answer 37

vessels of terminal vascular bed, specifically in the vessel's basement membrane

Question 38

pericytes

Answer 38

pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and mast cells

Question 39

What is a terminal arteriole characterized by?

Answer 39

tunica media comprised of a single layer of smooth muscle. tunica adventitia is absent

Question 40

True or False: capillaries can fit multiple RBCs

Answer 40

false. they are usually only wide enough for 1 RBC

Question 41

What are the four types of capillaries?

Answer 41

-continuous (non-fenestrated) -fenestrated -discontinuous -lymph

Question 42

In which type (s) of capillary is the basement membrane intact?

Answer 42

continuous and fenestrated

Question 43

Which are characteristics of lymph vessels? a. pericytes b. lack basal lamina c. end blindly d. all but a e. prominent in gut

Answer 43

a. they don't have pericytes

Question 44

postcapillary venule is the most __________ part of the terminal vascular bed

Answer 44

permeable

Question 45

What is the importance of the post-capillary venules to immune system?

Answer 45

they can become leakier in response to inflammatory mediators (histamine) and allow WBCs to leak out to site of inflammation.

Question 46

True or False: Postcapillary venules are smaller than capillaries

Answer 46

False. They can fit 2-3 RBCs wheres capillaries can only fit 1 RBC

Question 47

Blood sinuses

Answer 47

-occur in erectile tissue -are large, round/irregularly shaped vessels for pooling of blood. -lack smooth muscle

Question 48

venous portal system

Answer 48

capillary bed situated between two veins

Question 49

arterial portal system

Answer 49

capillary bed situated between two arterioles

Question 50

example of arterial portal system

Answer 50

glomerular capillaries in kidneys

Question 51

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 51

bone marrow and thymus

Question 52

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 52

lymph node, spleen

Question 53

Primary lymphoid organs usually ____ with age

Answer 53

shrink

Question 54

yellow bone marrow

Answer 54

has adipose cells and few hematopoietic stem cells

Question 55

red bone marrow

Answer 55

where hematopoiesis occurs, well vascularized