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PSYC 300 > exam #2 > Flashcards

exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

who said friendship is unnecessary?

A

C.S. Lewis

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2
Q

what is some evidence for animal friendships?

A
  • cows stress levels go down when with another cow
  • vampire bats trust by grooming each other and blood sharing and can have decade long relationships
  • dolphins form friendships based on shared interests
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3
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of friendships according to William K.Rawlins?

A
  1. voluntary
  2. personal
  3. equality
  4. mutual
  5. affective
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4
Q

what are 4 friendship rules across 4 cultures?

A
  1. respect other’s privacy
  2. trust and confide in one another
  3. volunteers to help in time of need
  4. should not be jealous or critical of other relationships
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5
Q

what views do Ghanaian’s show about friendships?

A
  • less amount of friends
  • suspicious of friends
  • having no friends is not sad and having a lot is suspicious
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6
Q

why do Ghanaian’s have this view?

A
  • moral obligations
  • less relational mobility
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7
Q

how many relationships does Robert Dunbar suggest we can keep track of?

A

150

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8
Q

generally speaking, does eastern or western culture value friendship more?

A

western

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9
Q

which people tend to value friendship more?

A
  • women
  • people of higher education
  • countries with lower income equality
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10
Q

what benefits are there for those who value friendship more?

A
  • better health
  • greater happiness
  • higher well-being
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11
Q

what are the 7 stages of friendship according to william rawlins?

A
  1. role delimited interaction - meet people in roles
  2. friendly relations - breaking the script of the roles you once had
  3. moves-toward-friendship - hanging out outside of work or school
  4. nascent friendship - not interacting with original roles anymore
  5. stabilized friendship
  6. waning friendship - friendship isn’t as important
  7. post friendship - friendship is over but you may have symbolic link to friend
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12
Q

what are three patterns that can happen in the stabilized friendship stage (stage 5)?

A
  1. active friendship = friends are accessible
  2. dormant friendship = don’t see everyday but can resume at any time
  3. commemorative friendship = still see each other as friends but do not really do anything together anymore
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13
Q

what are the 5 stages of friendship according to selman?

A
  1. 0 - momentary physical interaction - someone you are playing with in the moment
  2. 1 - one way assistance - a friend is someone who does something nice for you
  3. 2 - fair-weather cooperation - a friend is someone who returns a favor
  4. 3 - intimate and mutual sharing - a friend is someone you can tell things that you wouldn’t tell others
  5. 4 - autonomous interdependence - a friend is someone who accepts you and that you accept
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14
Q

what are 3 friendship styles according to sarah matthews?

A
  1. independent - sees friendships based on circumstances
  2. discerning - deep connection regardless of changing circumstances
  3. acquisitive - make friends as they go but also have a core group of friends
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15
Q

what are two ways you can classify good and bad friends?

A
  1. health
  2. enjoyment
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16
Q

what are the 4 types of friendship you get base don enjoyment and health?

A
  1. ideal = enjoyable and healthy
  2. problematic = enjoyable but not healthy
  3. waning = healthy but not enjoyable
    deviant = unhealthy and unenjoyable
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17
Q

what is the theory that explains people who seek out toxic relationships?

A

self-verification theory = we want our lives to match what we think we deserve

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18
Q

what are some differences in same-sex friendships?

A
  • women - more self-disclosure, more time on the phone spent with friends, talk about more relationships and personal issues
  • men - side to side, talk about sports and less personal stuff and tend to be less intimate
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19
Q

what is a similarity attraction effect in opposite sex friendships?

A

more expressive males tend to have more female friends

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20
Q

true or false: men are more likely to think that having sex is good for the friendship

A

true

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21
Q

What are the 5 different challenges to opposite sex friendships proposed by J. Donald O’Meara

A
  1. emotional bond
  2. sexuality
  3. inequality and power
  4. public relationships
  5. opportunity structure
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22
Q

define: post-modern friendships

A

people co-construct their realities within their friendships and can affirm their identities

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23
Q

what do post-modern friendships allow people to do?

A

allows people to create friendships that aren’t based on traditional gender identities

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24
Q

what are some negative effects of friendships?

A
  • depression can spread if your friend is depressed
  • increases the risk of obesity, suicide, smoking and other types of substance abuse if friends are involved in those activities
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25
Q

define: capitalization

A

we share good news with friends and receive enthusiastic, rewarding responses that increase our pleasure and enhance our relationships

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26
Q

what are 4 ways in which social support is given?

A
  1. emotional support
  2. physical comfort
  3. advice support
  4. material support
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27
Q

what are some physiological effects of emotional support?

A
  • lower blood pressure
  • better sleep
  • faster recovery from stress
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28
Q

who is better at providing social support? an insecure person or a secure person?

A

secure

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29
Q

define: invisible support

A

support provided subtly without fanfare and actually goes unnoticed by the recipient

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30
Q

define: perceived partner responsiveness

A

the judgment that someone is attentive, respectful, caring and supportive with respect to our needs and aspirations

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31
Q

what need do we have in early elementary years in regard to friendship?

A

acceptance

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32
Q

what need do we have in preadolescence in regard to friendship?

A

intimacy

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33
Q

what need do we have in teen years in regard to friendship?

A

sexuality

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34
Q

what are four components of attachment in friendships?

A
  1. proximity seeking
  2. separation protest
  3. safe haven
  4. secure base
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35
Q

true or false: primary attachments shift from parents to peers in teens?

A

true

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36
Q

define: socioemotional selectivity theory

A

change that occurs because seniors have different interpersonal goals than younger people do

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37
Q

define: relational self-construals

A

the extent to which we think of ourselves as interdependent rather than independent beings

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38
Q

what three traits are apart of the dark triad?

A
  1. narcissism
  2. Machiavellianism
  3. psychopathy
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39
Q

define: polygny

A

multiple wives

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40
Q

define: polyandry

A

multiple husbands

41
Q

define: conjugal family

A

parents in relationship and their children (aka a nuclear family)

42
Q

define: non-conjugal family

A

single parents with children

43
Q

define: stem family

A

a kind of extended family, includes older couple with one of their adult children with spouse and children

44
Q

why is polygamy illegal in many places?

A
  • can be abusive
  • promotes child brides
  • heightens crime - more single people
45
Q

when did couples who weren’t married start living together?

A

1960s

46
Q

when was the first gay marriage?

A

1971 in the USA

47
Q

what is a genogram?

A

like a family tree but more detailed - shows biological, adopted, step families or neighbor relationships

48
Q

where are genograms used?

A
  • therapy
  • medicine
  • genealogy
49
Q

family communication happens on which two continuums?

A
  1. socio-oriented (conformity)
  2. concept oriented (conversion)
50
Q

what 4 types are produced with high and low of socio and concept oriented family communication?

A
  1. consensual - high socio and concept orientation
  2. protective - high socio and low concept orientation
  3. pluralistic - low socio and high concept orientation
  4. laissez-faire - low socio and concept orientation
51
Q

what two dimensions can you characterize sibling relationships on?

A
  1. hostility
  2. warmth
52
Q

what 4 types are created when high/low in hostility and warmth?

A
  1. hostile - high hostility and low warmth
  2. affect intense - high hostility and warmth
  3. uninvolved - low in hostility and warmth
  4. harmonious - high warmth and low hostility
53
Q

true or false: there is an intelligence and personality effect for first born chidlren?

A

true

54
Q

define: grandmother hypothesis

A

women go through menopause so that they can be supplementary parents to their grandchildren as they get older

55
Q

true or false: children and grandmothers have better mental health but the mother does not because of competing roles

A

true

56
Q

what are the 4 dimensions of love?

A
  1. cultural value
  2. sexuality
  3. sexual orientation
  4. marital status
57
Q

what are the 6 styles of love?

A
  1. Eros = into physical appearance
  2. Ludus = treat love like an uncommitted game
  3. Storge = (store-gay) seek friendship that leads to commitment
  4. Mani = possessive, insecure, jealous
  5. Agape = altruistic and self-less
  6. Pragma = seek a logically good match (arranged marriage
58
Q

which 3 factors combine to produce different types of love?

A
  1. intimacy
  2. passion
  3. commitment
59
Q

define the different types of love according to sternbergs triangle?

A
  • companionate = intimacy and commitment
  • fatuous love = passion and commitment
  • romantic love = passion and intimacy
    Consummate = passion, intimacy and commitment
60
Q

where is polygamy most often found?

A

sub-Saharan Africa

61
Q

why did monogamy become more practiced?

A
  • more gender equality
  • less crime and substance abuse
  • less child mortality
62
Q

what is the physiological perspective for romantic love?

A

physiological arousal and the belief that the other person is the reason for it causes people to have romantic love/maintain it.

63
Q

what are some cultural differences in love?

A
  • generally the same
  • americans emphasize the similarity and good looks of their partners more than Chinese do
  • western cultures believe love is a reason to marry
64
Q

what are some gender differences in love?

A
  • men - more romantic attitudes than women
  • women - more selective
65
Q

true or false: romantic love typically decreases after a while

A

true

66
Q

what are some examples of strains on relationships?

A
  • rejection
  • jealousy
  • deception
67
Q

define: relational value

A

the degree to which others consider their relationship with us to be valuable, important or close

68
Q

define: meta-perception

A

How we think others see us

69
Q

define: meta-accuracy

A

the extent to which meta-perceptions are correct

70
Q

what is used to measure ostracism?

A

cyberball

71
Q

define: reactive jealousy

A

when someone becomes aware of an actual threat to the relationship

72
Q

define: suspicious jealousy

A

happens when the suspicious is not warranted

73
Q

what are some factors that influence jealousy?

A
  • dependence
  • inadequacy
  • personality traits
  • gender and culture
74
Q

what do men and women get jealous about?

A
  • men - sexual infidelity
  • women - emotional infidelity
75
Q

why do men and women get jealous about different things?

A

child care is costly so women look for love and men don’t want to take care of another man’s child so sex is more important

76
Q

define: self-centered lies

A

lies to protect themselves or for their benefit

77
Q

define: other-oriented lies

A

to protect others or for their benefit (aka altruistic lies)

78
Q

true or false: people tend to say other-oriented lies to their friends as opposed to acquaintances

A

true

79
Q

define: relational devaluation

A

apparent decreases in others’ regard for us

80
Q

define: deceiver’s distrust

A

when people lie to others, they often begin to perceive the recipients of the lies as less honest and trustworthy as a result

81
Q

define: truth bias

A

you assume your partner is telling the truth

82
Q

what are the two views of conflict?

A
  1. conflict disrupts normal interactions
  2. it is a normal part of relationships
83
Q

true or false: conflict can sometimes be good

A

true

84
Q

what are 4 interpersonal conflict causes?

A
  1. criticism
  2. illegitimate demands
  3. rebuffs
  4. cumulative annoyances
85
Q

true or false: conflict may arise because of climate change

A

true

86
Q

how can conflict be resolved in groups?

A

working on a shared goal called a subordinate goal

87
Q

define: realistic group conflict theory

A

argues conflict through group stems from competition for scarce resources

88
Q

what are the different classifications of conflict behaviours?

A
  1. hostility - high intensity and negative
  2. distress - low/moderate intensity and negative
  3. withdrawal - low intensity and negative
  4. intimacy - high intensity and positive
  5. problem solving - low intensity and positive
89
Q

what are gender differences in conflict behaviours?

A
  • women - more high intensity
  • men - more low intensity
90
Q

what are the 5 ways of ending conflict?

A
  1. separation
  2. domination
  3. compromise
  4. integrative agreements
  5. structural improvement
91
Q

what does the ABC model stand for?

A

A. avoiders
B. battlers
C. collaborators

92
Q

what is the STLC conflict model?

A

Stop
Think
Listen
Communicate

93
Q

what are 4 types of couples suggested by John Gottman?

A
  1. volatile
  2. validators
  3. avoiders
  4. hostile
94
Q

define: dialectics

A

when people devote themselves to an intimate relationship, people often experience opposing motivations called this that can never be entirely satisfied because they contradict each other

95
Q

define: attributional conflict

A

fighting over whose explanation is right and whose account is wrong

96
Q

define: negative affect reciprocity

A

exchanging escalating provocations back and forth

97
Q

define: flooding

A

can occur when people become overwhelmed by high arousal and strong emotion and are unable for a time to think straight

98
Q

define: social structure hypothesis

A

argues that the demand/withdraw pattern results from pervasive differences in the power of men and women in society and marriage alike

99
Q

what are 4 types of responses to dissatisfaction in close relationships?

A
  1. voice
  2. loyalty
  3. neglect
  4. exit

PSYC 300 (2 decks)

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