Exam 2

Question 1

Acculturation

Answer 1

The process in which people who have moved to a new unfamiliar location learn and adapt to a new culture

Question 2

What are the two types of migrants?

Answer 2

Sojourners and immigrants

Question 3

Sojourners

Answer 3

People who intend to stay temporarily

Question 4

Immigrants

Answer 4

People who intend to stay permanently

Question 5

What is the “typical” acculturation process: U-shaped curve?

Answer 5

Honeymoon, culture shock, adjust

Question 6

Why is the acculturation model controversial?

Answer 6

Puts everything on the individual
Ignores the people and environment around you

Question 7

What are things in the environment that can affect someone’s acculturation

Answer 7

How others treat you will affect your attitude
Reason for immigrating
War / corruption
Wealth and status
Prejudice

Question 8

Cultural distance

Answer 8

culture-to-culture comparison
language similarity
social/ecological factors

Question 9

Cultural fit

Answer 9

Individual-to-culture comparison

Question 10

What are the four acculturation styles?

Answer 10

Integration
Separating
Assimilation
Marginalization

Question 11

Integration

Answer 11

best
positive attitude to both host and heritage culture

Question 12

Separation

Answer 12

Positive attitude to heritage culture
Negative attitude to host culture

Question 13

Assimilation

Answer 13

Negative attitude to heritage culture
Positive attitude to host culture

Question 14

Marginalization

Answer 14

Worst
Negative attitude to both heritage and host culture

Question 15

Identity denial

Answer 15

“Where are you really from?”
Has consequences on behavior

Question 16

How do people overcompensate because of identity denial?

Answer 16

Asian Americans will overcompensate by eating a more American diet

Question 17

Stereotype threat

Answer 17

Reminders of marginalized identity

Question 18

What can stereotypes impact?

Answer 18

self-esteem
community esteem
achievement goals

Question 19

How do stereotypes impact people in real life?

Answer 19

The stereotype that girls are bad at math
When asked to put their gender on the top of the math test, girls performed worse than when they did not have to put their gender

Question 20

What are the consequences of acculturation?

Answer 20

Blending and frame-switching

Question 21

What is an example of frame-switching?

Answer 21

The “What is the Fish Doing” question

Question 22

What is a pro of acculturation?

Answer 22

greater creativity

Question 23

What is a con of acculturation?

Answer 23

Greater moral flexibility

Question 24

Motivation

Answer 24

feelings, thoughts, and actions that serve the purpose of achieving desired outcomes or avoiding undesired outcomes

Question 25

What does self-enhancement do?

Answer 25

protects self-esteem

Question 26

What are the techniques of self-enhancement?

Answer 26

Self-serving bias Downward social comparison Compensatory self-enhancement Discounting Basking in reflected glory

Question 27

Self-serving bias

Answer 27

Explain events in a way that makes us look better

Question 28

Downward social comparison

Answer 28

comparing yourself to someone worse off/lower than you

Question 29

Compensatory self-enhancement

Answer 29

compensate in other domains

Question 30

Discounting

Answer 30

Trivializing (I didn't win X but who cares about X anyway?)

Question 31

Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

Answer 31

Blend identity with a successful group but back out of the group when the group fails

Question 32

Self-esteem

Answer 32

One's own evaluation of themself

Question 33

Face

Answer 33

Perception of others evaluation of themself

Question 34

Characteristics of face

Answer 34

Inherently social

Question 35

What does it mean when self-esteem is promotion-focused?

Answer 35

Focus on success; ignore failure Willing to take risks Focus on self-enhancement

Question 36

What does it mean when face is prevention-focused?

Answer 36

Focus on failure to avoid failure risk averse; cautious focus on self-improvement

Question 37

Analytic cognition

Answer 37

focus on single, focal objects, view objects in a world as having "essences"(fixed and stable)

Question 38

Holistic cognition

Answer 38

background and environment focus, view objects as being as being in relation to other objects and "in flux" (dependent on perspective)

Question 39

What are the historical roots of analytic cognition

Answer 39

Greek philosophy: platonoc view = world is comprised of objects with static, universal properties Guided by formal logic Ex: a stone falls because it posseses "gravity"

Question 40

Hitorical roots of holistic cognition

Answer 40

Chinese philosophy: Confucianist, Taoist, and Buddhist view = emphasizes on interconnectedness and change; dialecticism Guided by the belief that things interact Ex: knowlege on magnetism and the miin's role in the tides long before "westerners"

Question 41

Results of rod and frame test

Answer 41

East Asians perform poorly due to field dependence Euroamericans perform well due to field independence

Question 42

Fish tank study results

Answer 42

Japanese remember about equal amounts of focal objects and environment (environment being slightly higher) but at more modest levels whereas American remember a large amount of focal objects and very little environment

Question 43

Sapir-Whord hypothesis

Answer 43

The language we speak influences our cognition

Question 44

Example of evidence for the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 44

Color differentiation between English speakers and Russian speakers

Question 45

What is the two-factor theory

Answer 45

Emotions = physiological symptoms and cognitive labels

Question 46

What are the universal emotions?

Answer 46

Happiness, disgust, surpirse, sadness, anger, fear

Question 47

Why are there universal emotions?

Answer 47

survival and communication

Question 48

What are some of the reasons that there is variability in emotions?

Answer 48

emotional display rules expressivity emotion and language

Question 49

Emotional display rules

Answer 49

culturally-specific rules for how to express emotions ad how intensely emotions should be shown

Question 50

Emotion and language

Answer 50

Some languages have more emotion words than others

Question 51

General positive emotions across cultures

Answer 51

calm, elated, happy

Question 52

Engaging emotions

Answer 52

friendliness, respect, closeness more common in places like Japan

Question 53

disengaging emotions

Answer 53

pride, superiority, "on top of the world" more common in US