Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

oceanography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How have marine organisms adapted to cope with the constant water movement in the ocean?

A

• Float along with currents
• “Fight” currents by swimming against them
• “Fight” currents by attaching to/digging into sea floor
• no swimbladder, other air spaces
• limit diving depth
• collapsible rib cages
• tolerate effects of pressure
• water not compressible
• most deep sea organisms are mostly water
• have no air pockets (lungs, swim bladders, sinuses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is salinity?

A

amount of salt dissolved in a body of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two major salt ions in seawater?

A

Sodium (Na) & Chloride (C1) make up ~86% of salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the typical salinity of seawater?

A

~35 g of salts/ ppt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What processes cause salinity to vary (increase or decrease)

A

Red: net evaporation leads to higher salinity

Blue: net precipitation leads to lower salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of a solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane into a solution of higher solute (salt) concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute (salt) on the two sides of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do organisms cope with osmosis?

A

Drinks large volume of salt water > secretion of salts > loss of water by osmosis > small volume of concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does temperature affect marine organisms

A

Activity level, growth rate, reproduction, and metabolism fluctuate with temperature (slower when cold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How have these organisms adapted to the temperature environment

A

• (Cold-Blooded) organisms don’t regulate body temperature

• Some generate their own heat or regulate body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Latitude zones?

A

Polar: High Latitude, 66N
Temperate: Middle Latitude, 23.5 N
Tropic: Low Latitude, 0
Temperate: 23.5 S - 66 S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How sea surface temperature & salinity vary with latitude?

A

Solar radiation at the equator is double of what our polar regions receive.

Sea surfaces are warmer along the equator than the poles.

Currents near the equator move this heat to the poles; currents that flow from the poles are cold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Profile graph for temp, salinity, & density. How variable changes with depth

A

Salinity profile: surface mixed layer at the top, halocline the dip in the graph (depth of rapid salinity change), rest of dip: deep ocean

Temperature profile: surface mixed layer at the top, thermocline the dip in the graph (depth of rapid temperature change), rest of dip: deep ocean

Density profile: surface mixed layer at the top, pycnocline the dip in the graph (depth of rapid density change), rest of dip: deep ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do temperature & salinity affect density of seawater

A

• Temperature + Salinity = Density
• Higher temperature = lower density
• Higher salinity = higher density
• Warm, less saline water: less dense
• Cold, saline water: denser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the coastal ocean located?

A

Waves, tides, ecosystems, humans interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is open ocean located?

A

Ocean interior, currents, primary production, food webs, ecosystems, climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How has sea level changed over the last 140 thousand years?

A

Has varied over a range of more than 120 meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How sea level changed shorelines?

A

Higher water levels erode beaches, dunes, cliffs, low lying areas, inundate wetlands, increased salinity of estuarine systems

18
Q

Where does most of the worlds population live relative to the coast?

A

Asia & some of Europe

19
Q

Where in the ocean are autotrophs most abundant?

A

shallow coastal ocean: artic ocean

20
Q

where in the ocean are benthic organism most abundant?

A

shallow coastal ocean: around the continents

21
Q

where in the ocean are marine pelagic organisms most abundant

A

near the surface or in the open water column away from the bottom of the ocean

22
Q

What processes cause shoreline erosion

A

Waves, tides (low & high), and tsunamis

23
Q

the different types of waves & forces that generate them

A

Wind generated waves: wind
Tides: moon & sun
Tsunami: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, & storms

24
Q

How do wind generated waves form

A

wind waves form locally where wind blows across the sea surface

25
Q

where do wind generated waves form

A

“sea” area where waves are actively being generated

26
Q

what determines wind generated waves size

A

wind speed, wind duration, fetch (distance over which wind blows), fully developed seas

27
Q

what is fetch

A

distance over which wind blows

28
Q

what is a fully developed sea & when it occurs & what it depends on

A

when the waves are at their maximum size for the existing wind speed, duration, and fetch

29
Q

difference between wind waves and swell

A

wind waves form locally where wind blows across the sea surface

swell are waves that have left the area where they were formed

30
Q

why are waves large in the southern ocean

A

more high winds over the southern ocean driving bigger waves

31
Q

how is sand moved perpendicular to the beach (on & off the beach)

A

Not always straight up and down the beach, often waves approach the beach at an angle

32
Q

what is swash & backwash

A

uprush (onshore flow):
• higher velocity & shorter duration than backwash

backwash (offshore flow):
• offshore velocities increase towards end of backwash

33
Q

how the beach change with seasons

A

summer (calm weather)
• sand stored on beach
swash stronger than backwash, sand moved onto beach

winter (rough weather)
• stand stored offshore
backwash stronger than swash, sand moved off beach

34
Q

what is a longshore current

A

current that flows parallel to the shore within the zone of breaking waves

35
Q

how a longshore current is formed

A

when a train of waves reach the coastline & release bursts of energy

36
Q

how longshore current influences sediment movement (longshore drift)

A

net movement of sand grains (clay, silt, pebbles, sand, & shingle) along a coast parallel to the shoreline

37
Q

methods used to prevent shoreline erosion along NJ coast

A

beach replenishment/nourishment, jetties & groins, seawall/bulkhead

38
Q

how longshore current & sediment transport cause sand accumulation & erosion around jetties & groins

A

groins & jetties interfere with longshore drift

39
Q

which side does deposition occur & which side does erosion occur

A

deposition: land / upstream end
erosion: downstream end

40
Q

what causes waves

A

• boats
• whales
• people
• wind
• moon + sun
• interactions between currents
• tectonic activity/landslides

oceanography (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions