Exam 2

Question 1

In the human diet, the major polysaccharide is….

Answer 1

Starch

Question 2

In the human diet, the major disaccharides are….

Answer 2

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)

Question 2

In the human diet, the major monosaccharides are….

Answer 2

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 3

What are the primary and secondary causes of lactose intolerance?

Answer 3

Primary: a deficiency of lactase
Secondary: an injury to the mucosa of the intestines

Question 3

What is the Glycemic Index?

Answer 3

A measure of the effect of dietary carbs on blood glucose levels

Question 4

What are the types of carbohydrate transporters?

Answer 4

GLUT and SGLT

Question 5

What molecule carries electrons from catabolism?

Answer 5

NADH

Question 5

What molecule carries electrons for anabolism?

Answer 5

NADPH

Question 6

What organ can carry out all major metabolic pathways?

Answer 6

The liver

Question 6

GLUT4

Answer 6

Stimulated by insulin
assists in glucose uptake into skeletal and cardiac muscle

Question 7

GLUT2

Answer 7

Found in pancreatic beta cells and the liver

Question 8

Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporters

Answer 8

SGLT1 and SGLT2
Active glucose transporters in the gut and in the renal tubules

Question 9

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 9

What kind of cells do anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 9

RBCs
Contracting skeletal muscle
Cancer cells

Question 10

Hexokinase vs Glucokinase

Answer 10

Hexokinase has a lower Km than glucokinase (hexokinase has higher affinity)

Hexokinase has a lower vmax than glucokinase

Question 11

PFK-1

Answer 11

Irreversible step
catalyzes the conversion of F-6-P to F 1,6, BP

1 ATP is used

Question 12

Pyruvate Kinase

Answer 12

Irreversible glycolysis step
Forms ATP
Example of substrate level phosphorylation

Question 13

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

Answer 13

Acetyl-CoA
Lactate
Ethanol (yeast/bacteria)

Question 13

What are the results of aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 13

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 14

What are the results of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 14

2 Lactate
2 ATP

Question 15

Glycolysis irreversible steps

Answer 15

Hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK-1
pyruvate kinase

large delta G

Question 16

glycolysis inhibition

Answer 16

ATP and citrate

Question 16

Where does the TCA cycle occur

Answer 16

mitochondrial matrix

Question 17

How does acetyl Coa get made?

Answer 17

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 17

Thiamine pyrophosphate

Answer 17

Active form of Thiamine Without it, causes Beriberi

Question 18

What are the TCA coenzymes

Answer 18

FAD and NAD Thiamine pyrophosphate CoA

Question 19

What happens with alcohol metabolism in the liver

Answer 19

rapid production

Question 19

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 19

Generation of ATP without oxygen Glycolysis and TCA

Question 20

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 20

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor ETC in mitochondria

Question 21

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Answer 21

potential energy from ETC is used in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

Reduction Potential

Answer 22

Ability to give up or accept electrons

Question 23

Midpoint potential

Answer 23

50% oxidized and 50% reduced

Question 24

Complex I

Answer 24

NADH to CoQ

Question 25

Complex II

Answer 25

Succinate to CoQ

Question 26

Cytochome

Answer 26

memebrane bound heme containing proteins

Question 27

Complex III

Answer 27

CoQH2 to cyt c

Question 27

Proton pump gradient

Answer 27

Outside more positive and acidic

Question 28

F0 domain

Answer 28

membrane spanning part of ATP synthase

Question 29

F1 domain

Answer 29

Matrix of ATP synthase

Question 29

What do uncouplers do

Answer 29

Increase membrane permeability, heat and stop ATP synthesis

Question 30

mtDNA

Answer 30

mitochondrial DNA

Question 31

Pentose Phosphate Pathway products

Answer 31

NADPH, R-5-P, glycolytic intermediates

Question 32

Oxidative phase of PPP

Answer 32

G-6P to R-5-P and 2 NADPH

Question 33

Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 33

Rate limiting step of PPP

Question 34

Transketolase and Transaldolase

Answer 34

Enzymes for non oxidative PPP

Question 35

Where is glycogen stored

Answer 35

Sketetal muscle and live

Question 36

Glycogen synthesis steps

Answer 36

phosphoglucomutase forming G-1-P UDP-glucose Glycogen synthase

Question 37

How is glycogen synthase attached

Answer 37

alpha 1,4

Question 38

Branching enzyme

Answer 38

1,6 transferase

Question 38

Where does gluconeogenesis occur

Answer 38

90% in the liver 10% in the kidneys mitochondria and cytoplasm

Question 39

PEPCK

Answer 39

converts oxaloacetate to PEP

Question 40

What are the 3 major carbon sources for gluconeogenesis

Answer 40

Lactate, amino acids, glycerol

Question 41

What do double bonds do to the melting point

Answer 41

Lower it

Question 41

how are lipids broken down in the stomach

Answer 41

gastric lipase

Question 42

Gluconeogenesis enzymes

Answer 42

Pyruvate carboxylate and F-1,6-BP

Question 43

What happens when electrons are transferred from NADH to oxaloacetate

Answer 43

Malate

Question 44

What is formed from Beta-oxidation

Answer 44

fatty acid chain shortened by 2C FADH2, NADH, acetyl CoA generated

Question 45

LDL

Answer 45

Bad

Question 45

HDL

Answer 45

Good lipoprotein

Question 46

cdk for growth

Answer 46

cdk and cyclin make a complex and phosphorylate Rb to continue cell division

Question 46

cdk to stop growth

Answer 46

CDK inhibitors stop it from phosphorylating Rb