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Nutrition Basics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,E,D,K

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2
Q

What are the water soluble Vitamins?

A

Bs and C

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3
Q

Are vitamins and minerals essential or non essential? Why?

A

essential. must get from the diet. bodies cannot makethem.

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4
Q

Do vitamins and minerals provide calories?

A

No

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5
Q

What are the general functions of vitamins?

A

metabolism
coenzymes
build tissue and bone
antioxidants
prevent vitamin deficiency

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6
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins best absorbed?

A

when ingested with fat

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7
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins transported in the body?

A

in chylomicrons in the lymphatic system

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8
Q

Can fat soluble vitamins be stored in the body?

A

yes

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9
Q

Can toxicity occur from consuming too much of a fat soluble vitamin?

A

yes

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10
Q

Are water soluble vitamins easily absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be stored in the body?

A

No, except for two

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12
Q

Which two water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body?

A

B12 and B6

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13
Q

Does toxicity occur from water soluble vitamins?

A

No

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14
Q

What is the alternate name for Vitamin A

A

retinol

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15
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A

vision, growth, tissue strength, healthy epithelial cells, production of immune cells

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16
Q

what are food sources of Vitamin A (retinol)

A

preformed from animal products fish liver oils, egg yolks, butter cream, milk-fat

provitamin beta carotene to be converted - yellow/orange foods/deep green fruits

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17
Q

What are two vitamin A (retinol) deficiencies?

A

Xerosis - itching burning, red, inflamed eyelids
Xeropthalmia - blindness

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18
Q

What is another name for vitamin D

A

calciferol

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19
Q

What are the two types of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol - D3
ergocalciferol - D2

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20
Q

What does calciferol convert to in the kidney?

A

calcitriol

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21
Q

once calciferol converts to calcitriol, what does calcitriol do?

A

increases absorbtion of calcium and phospherous from intestines

prevents calcium from being eliminated by the kidney

increases osteoclast activity/bone minseralization

differentiation in immune cells

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22
Q

what is a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets - soft bone/bow legs

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23
Q

what are food sources of vitamin D

A

fatty fish
fortified milk

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24
Q

what is another name for vitamin E

A

tocopherol

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25
What does vitamin E do
antioxidant selenium metabolism
26
what is a vitamin E deficiency in babies and another in adults?
hemolytic anemia in babies myelin sheath issues in adults
27
what are food sources of vitamin E
vegetabl oils nuts seeds
28
what is another name for vitamin C
ascorbic acid
29
what does vitamin c (ascorbic acid) do?
connective tissue collagen synthesis adrenal glands during stress converts dopamine to norepinephrine synthesis of fat metabolism converts phylalanine to tyrosine tryptophan metabolism antioxidant
30
what is a vitamin c deficiency
scurvy: tissue bleeding, bone fractures
31
food sources of vitamin c
citrus, bell peppers, kiwi, berries, broccoli, green and yellow vegetables
32
what is another name for vitamin B1
thiamine
33
what does vitamin B1 (thiamine do)?
production of ATP GI tract nervous system cardiovascular functions coenzyme in energy metabolism
34
what is a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?
beri beri: nerve pain, paralysis fo limbs, edema; encephalopathy - mental alertness
35
food sources of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
plants, yeast, pork, whole grains, legumes
36
what is another name for vitamin B2
riboflavin
37
what does vitamin B2 (riboflavin) do?
metabolism for producing ATP coenzyme FAD tissue protein building
38
how does a vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency present?
affects areas of body with rapid cell regeneration cracked lips/mouth, dermatitis
39
what are food sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
milk enriched grains animal proteins almonds soybeans
40
what is another name for vitamin B3?
niacin
41
what does vitamin B3 (niacin) do?
energy metabolism coenzyme NAD/NADH
42
what is a vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?
pellagra - dermatitus dementia
43
what are food sources of vitamin B3 (niacin)
meat, poultry, fish, enriched whole grains/cereals, peanuts
44
what is another name for vitamin B6
pyridoxine
45
what does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) do?
amino acid and fatty acid metabolism synthesis of neurotransmitters
46
what does a deficiency in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
CNS dysfunction irritability, neuritis, convulsions, anemia
47
what are food sources of vitamin B6
grains, enriched foods, liver, kidney, animal meats
48
What does folate (B9) do?
DNA synthesis, cell division, regulates homocysteine
49
Folate deficiencies
megaloblastic anemia neural tube defects
50
food sources of folate
wheat germ leafy vegetables orange juice legumes chicken liver
51
what is another name for vitamin B12
cobalamin
52
what does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) do?
regulate homocysteine hemoglobin synthesis nervous system
53
vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
poor absorption if do not have intrinsic factor inflammatory bowel disease neurological symptoms pernicious anemia glocitus - swollen shiny tongue
54
55
food sources of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
meat, clams, oysters, herring, crab
56
pantothenic acid what does it do and food sources
component of acetyl CoA to extract energy from nutrients animal, whole grains, fortified cereals, sunflower oil
57
57
biotin do and food sources
coenzymes carboxylases to transfer carbion dioxide liver, cooked egg yolks, meat, soy flower, tomatoes, yeast
58
choline do, deficiency, food sources
structure of cell membranes, lipid transport, reducing homocysteine, neurotransmitters fatty liver disease meat and liver, eggs, soybean
59
are minerals more easily abosrbed from plants or animal sources
animal
60
how are minerals carried in the body
plasma proteins and tissue uptake
61
what does calcium do?
bone and tooth formation blood clotting muscle and nerve action metabolic processes: absorption b12, activate pancreatic lipase, secrete insulin, cell membrane permeability
62
what is a calcium deficiency?
osteoporosis
63
food sources of calcium
milk, green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified foods
64
what does sodium do?
water balance acid-base balance muscle action nerve impulses nutrient absorption
65
sodium food sources
table salt cured meat canned soups processed foods
66
what does potassium do
water balance metabolic reactions converting glucose to glycogen storage of nitrogen in muscle protein muscle action insulin release blood pressure
67
what do you see in potassium deficiency
vomiting diarrhea
68
food sources potassium
fruits and vegetables whole grains fresh meats
69
functions of iron
hemoglobin synthesis general metabolism/glucose antibodies drug detoxification collagen purine converts carotene into vit a
70
food sources of iron heme vs non heme and absorbability
heme from hemoglobin comes from animals and abosrbs quicker non heme from plants and animals, absorbs slower
71
functions of iodine
thyroid gland synthesis of thyroxine
72
idodine deficiency
goiter, cretinism, impaired mental and physical development, hypothyroidism
73
food sources of iodine
iodized table salt seafood seaweed
74
functions of zinc
important for over 300 enzymes DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis immune system growth
75
zinc deficiency
poor wound healing hair loss diarrhea compromised immune function impaired taste and smell
76
food sources of zinc
meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains
77
what is chromium important for
glucose tolerance factor - stimulates the action of insulin

Nutrition Basics (7 decks)

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