Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Next Gen > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe any adverse outcomes of
performing this examination in the female.

A

Rectal tear with hemorrhage
Tight ring of rectum needs to relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common ovarian tumor in a horse

A

Granulosa (Theca) Cell Tumor- GCT/GTCT

Behavioral changes
◦ Aggression
◦ Stallion like
◦ Markedly prolonged estrous
◦ Anestrus (less common)

Benign and slow growing on ovary

Diagnose with ultrasound and hormone assay :
—1 enlarged and 1 inactive
— Low progesterone, high testosterone, high inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some cycling abnormalities associated with ovary

A

Ovarian hematoma - painful ovary
Persistent CL
Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles -follicles dont ovulate= long interovulatory period
—caused by prostaglandin/ NSAID and uterine inflammation
Anestrus - seasonal, starvation, silent heat, endometrial cups- made at 35 days- takes 120d to go away, developmental, senescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when the urethra is dorsal to the cervix

A

Urine moves with gravity so the urine will move out of the urethra and back into cervix with this confirmation - urine pooling
Cause inflammation and scarring —> lower fertility

Treatment : surgery to alter urethra and lengthen it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Foaling trauma in horses : vagina, cervix, uterus

A

Rectovaginal fistula: Surgical repair in 6 weeks to allow for tissue granulation - but move the leg out of the rectum when foaling

Cervical tear: need at least 50%of cervix to maintain a pregnancy — tear can distrust dialation and clearance of cervical and uterus fluid

Uterine periforations - and enter the abdominal cavity —> probably for mare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What modalities dont confirm the viability of the pregnancy

A

Hormonal assay
Ballottement - deep palpation in sheep to feel fetal structure
Radiographs

Only one that DOES confirm viability is Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is pregnancy associated glycoprotein used for?

A

PAGs are from placenta in bovine
- 28 days to form and needs to wait 90days post-partum to detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 cardinal signs of pregnancy in bovine

A

Membrane slip of chorioallantois d35
Amniotic vesicle d35
Placentomes d75
Fetus d65

Need 2-4 of the signs^

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why should you check on day 14 of equine pregnancy

A

Because the embryo is no longer bouncing, it is implanting to the uterus wall on day 16—> then migrates bottom to top with the sacs made

This is to reduce the twins and viability can be checked at day 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormones for pregnancy
PAG
Ecg
Estrone sulfate
Relaxin

A

PAG- bov At 28 days and 90 days postpartum
Ecg- eq endometrial cups at 35 days and last 120 days after they are made
Estrone sulfate- eq @90d and pig @30 days from fetal gonads
Relaxin- canine placenta @ 21 days ; feline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transrectal vs transabdominal ultrasound for species

A

Transrectal
- cow
- equine [initally- day9-10]
-small ruminant
- camelid [day 12]

Transabdominal
-equine late gestation with uterus more ventral
-small ruminant
-porcine/sow- fully 23days gestation
-canine @ 22 days
-feline @21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Species born with amniotic sac

A

Equine and carnivore are born with the amniotic sac bc allantois seperates - the allantois is dorsal and ventral

Sow and ruminant are not born with any sac -allantois is ONLY VENTRAL

Both the allantoic and amniotic sac are made up of fetal urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vittelline intestinal duct
Aka Yolk stalk = vitelline duct = omphalomesenteric duct

A

It is connecting the yoke sac [which should regress] to the midgut
If this duct is maintained then there will be feces from umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many umbilical arteries are there?
What type of blood so they carry

A

There are 2 umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated blood back to placenta
—sounds the Urachus

2 umbilical arteries in fetus become the round ligament of the urinary bladder!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein

A

There is 1 vein within the fetus which is the left umbilical vein —> round ligament of the liver [ runs in the falciform ligament]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the allantoic stalk does not close in fetal life

A

If the allantoic stalk does not close in fetal life : Patent urachus - urine dribbles out of umbilicus

Patent urachus = urachus fistula = dribble

Urachus cyst =part of urachus left leading to cyst in abdomen

Urachus sinus = the part of urachus distal to the bladder is not closed —> serous fluid build up and leak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between umbilical hernia, gastroschisis, omphalocele

A

Umbilical hernia is covered with normal skin- can be normal in development then closed

During development:
Omphalocele : is a problem bc the GIT intestines dont return AND covered by speritoneum, Wharton’s jelly , amnion

Gastroschisis - the abdominal muscles dont meet at midline body wall defect AND no sacs- the visceral touch the amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pyometra: horse

A

Closed
Scarring of cervix from breeding and the pus builds in the uterus bc the cervix wont dialate
• not systemically ill
Tx: drain and lavage
Surgery: open cervix and continued drainage
Prognosis is good ; wont get pregnant!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diagnosis of twins in equine
When to terminate?

A

2 large follicles at estrus
2 embryos at pregnancy check at day 14 —> ideal time to reduce manually

Natural reduces into 1 embryo by day 40
Terminate pregnancy
—14-16 days = ideally manually to squish
—till 45 days = transvaginally squish
—>60 days = cervical dislocation

—by day 35 before endometrial cups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inflammed penis and prepuce

A

Balanoposthitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Uterus vs vagina/cervix: What is more susceptible to infection?

A

Uterus because elf the columnar epithelium cells
-less mucosal immunity in the uterus than the vagina and Cedric that has stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Progesterone in bitches mares and cows
Connect ecoli, CEH, pyometra

A

Decreases myometrial activity and retains the potential pathogens

older bitches get cystic endometrial hyperplasia with P4 and ecoli causing thickening and cysts —> predispose to pyometra

Progesterone (with estrogen priming) → ↑ susceptibility to bacterial infections by inducing
fluid accumulation in endometrial glands and uterine lumen,
suppressing leukocyte activity and decreasing myometrial activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bacteria in females genital tracts : abortion or not

A

Non-pregnant bacterial infection = endometritis, metritis, pyometra

Decrease fertility : CEH

Pregnant bacterial infections of uterus =abortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Late term abortions due to leptospirosis

A

Cattle pigs and horses
Stagnant water cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Campylobacter transmission and spp.
Ingestion [C. Jejuni and C. Fetus ssp. Fetus] —C. Fetus ssp. Fetus: **abortion in sheep bc go to placenta** Venereal [C fetus ssp venerealis-cattle] — C fetus ssp venerealis = **ascending infection that causes abortion and infertility in FEMALE cows**
26
Causes of abortion bacteria
**Brucellosis [all], campylobacter [cattle, sheep, all], leptospirosis [horse, pig, cattle]**, listeria [ruminant] Bold = venereal transmission of bacteria
27
Listeria monocytogenes forms in ruminants
It is zoonotic. [like brucellosis] Visceral- abortion and septicemia with dissemination —neonatal septicemia —liver milk spots —late term abortion [also like lepto, campylobacter, brucella] Neurologic
28
Sterile fluid vs pyometra in uterus : diagnostics
Cannot differentiate with an ultrasound the purulent dc and hydrometra or mucometra
29
Perivulvular dermatitis signalment and treatment
More in spayed females and dogs prepuberty —recessed vulva and skin folds (obese) —Underlying cause is vaginitis, UTI and urinary incontinance Tx weight loss and episioplasty to remove vulva hood in severe case
30
Juvenile vaginitis vs adult-onset vaginitis
Juvenile vaginitis : before puberty and bc of low immune system —**inflammatory cytology - no degenerative neutrophils or bacteria** —wait till resolves after 1-2 heats before spay Adult onset vaginitis (INTACT) —virus/bacteria or anatomical (stricture)/neoplasia —**degenerate neutrophils in inflammatory cytology with bacteria (e.coli)** —hyperemic mucosa Tx cytology/culture and susceptibility with antibiotics or anatomy correction Adult onset vaginitis. (SPAYED) —spay —>no estrogen influence —> vaginal atrophy —> **chronic inflmmatory non-degenerate neutrophils with bacteria** —*supplement incurin/estriol =estrogen for increased vagina defense*
31
Most common in that first trimester (most concerned early to mid pregnancy) = more organ development so the most suspetility to teratogens [ varies with species]
Dogs – days 14-30 Cats – days 14-26 Horses – less than day 60
32
Neospora vs Toxoplasma gondii
Neospora: —DH: dogs —IH that abortion occurs: **Cattle** and small ruminants — infection causes abortion —> will need to cull Toxoplasma : —DH: cat —IH that abortion occurs only in tachyzoite life stage: **small ruminants** and cattle — infection in early pregnancy
33
Herpes causes abortion in all species except
Small ruminants +cat
34
Most common problem in intact >5yr aged male dogs Pathology?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia : It is the metabolite of testosterone that causes this condition WILL happen in intact male dogs!!! It is relative decreased testosterone with age and intact male —> cause more inc in estrogen [change ratio]—> INCREASED androgen receptors in prostate to increase sensitivity of response to DHT —> prostatic hyperplasia Tx: Castrate or *Finasteride lifelong [block enzyme]*
35
Clinical signs of BPH
Enlarged symmetric smooth **non-painful** prostate Stranguria, blood in 3rd fraction and decrease in semen quality Cysts in prostate
36
SMEDI
Stillbirth Mummification Early death Infertility Happens with porcine parvovirus
37
Most common neoplasm of bitch
Mammary tumor _ more in small animals 50% in a sin gl e gl a n d 70% in th e c a u d a l gl a n d(s)
38
How do animals get affected by toxoplasma Gondi?
When they eat the feces of the cat with oocyst in them bc of food or water contamination [not really direct contact] - often in small ruminants and humans —become tachyzoites in intermediate host and infect placenta
39
Which animal needs to be culled? Cattle with Neospora caninum Small ruminant with toxoplasma
Cattle with Neospora caninum need to be culled - more likely that there are multiple abdortions - more likely for the Bradyzoite to turn back into tachyzoite —>**so no matter when the dam was infected there is always a chance of fetal abortion with neospora**
40
The **endemic pattern** of Neospora infection and the subclinical infection is caused by…
Transmission within the cattle (**endogenous transmission**) : from dam to fetus *only the EPIdemic is caused by the dog feces/exogenous transmission * —>10% infected over 2 months
41
Protozoan Apicomplexan intracellular (Neospora and toxoplasma) vs Tritrichomonas foetus
Toxoplasma and Neospora are — intracellular — have tachyzoite—> bradyzoite —ingested transmission [in GIT of cat and dog] —Toxoplasma: reabsorbtion, abortion and PI —Neospora: fetal abortion and PI —> cull cattle —DIAGNOSIS : Serology , histopathology of fetus, PCR Trictrichimonas foetus —extracellular — trophozoite —need to cull the bulls not the dam (just sexual rest) —venereal transmission [in reproductive tract of cattle] —no abortion and good pregnancy rate ; fetal reabsorbtion and vulvar dis chance — DIAGNOSIS : **no serology, do slide visualization of prepuce scraping/ PCR** — Tx: vaccine available for female (useless) ; no treatment
42
True or false Endometrial concentration of drug wont be the same as the placental concentration There are specific times, and gestation that there is increased susceptibility to teratogens Tetracyclines and TMS are teratogenic antibiotics; but macrolides and beta, lactams are safe Opioids are not safe for preganat animals
True or false TRUE Endometrial concentration of drug wont be the same as the placental concentration TRUE There are specific times, and gestation that there is increased susceptibility to teratogens **—15-30 DAYS IN dog and cat; <60 days in horses** TRUE Tetracyclines and TMS are teratogenic antibiotics; but macrolides and beta, lactams are safe FALSE ! Opioids are not safe for preganat animals
43
Intrauterine drug administration
• Only the endometrium is consistently treated • Systemic absorption can occur to varying degrees • Difficult to perform in small animals • Cannot be used in pregnant animals (placentitis) • Local factors may affect efficacy (oxygen, degradative enzymes, pus, local immune effects) • Can be irritating to the uterine lining
44
What to never give dairy animals drugs intrammammary
• NO Macrolides or avermectin extralabel to dairy animals!! Long withdrawal so never do it!!
45
Pergolide in horses that are pregnant
It is a dopamine agonist that prolongs gestation delays milk down and makes the colostrum poor quality Retains placenta It is used for hyperadrenocorticism and horses and needs to be stopped two weeks prior to falling and restarted four weeks after
46
Cystic ovarian disease in food animals
Persistent cyst (follicular and luteal) without ovulation [no LH surge or no reaction to LH] = causing persistent estrus or anestrus —Ovsync protocol with GnRH and PGF for cattle and small ruminant. +/- CIDR —Cull Swine
47
Hydrops allantois vs Hydrops amnii
Hydrops allantois is a problem with the placenta —> bad prognosis bc cant palpate the placentomes Hydrops amnii is a fetal fluid problem —> good prognosis
48
Ringwomb dystocia and pregnancy toxemia seen in…
Sheep Ringworb: When the cervix does not dialate in sheep and there is not any baby coming out —>c-section Pregnancy toxemia is because of the twin lambs taking up all the glucose -> glucose supplementation
49
GOAT : False pregnancy
When there is hydrometra that bursts ==> cloud burst ==> fluid in uterus that mimics a pregnancy bc of **retained CL** Treat with prostaglandin.
50
A lot of estrogen influence in sheep and cattle during late gestation can cause…
Vaginal prolapse which will have to be closed up till parturition and monitored
51
Main viral causes of cattle abortion
BVD and herpes
52
Differentiate abortion of foal due to virus
Equine viral arthritis = the mare is ill and has fever, discharge and limb edema Equine herpes= no systemic illness in mare; fetus/placenta edema
53
Phimosis vs paraphimosis
Phimosis: inability to extend the penis (hair ring or congenital) Paraphimosis : inability to retract the penis — hematoma —tranquilizer
54
Penile hematoma in stallions **broken penis**: Presentation : Pathology :
Presentation : there is a hematoma between the scrotum and prepuce Pathology : Bc the tunica albugenia ruptured on the dorsal aspect —> held the penis up — now +/- proplased prepuce Tx: hydrotherapy and antibiotics
55
Accessory sex glands that are a problem in the bull and stallion
Bull: seminal vesicles —> Cull Stallion : ampulla ductus deferens Affect the ease and ability to ejaculate
56
Epididymitis or orchitis in sheep
Brucella ovis NOT zoonotic though
57
What will the values be in a castrated male ? LH AMH Cat Spine Prostate size
LH -high AMH -low Cat Spine -no Prostate size -small
58
Venereal transmission only of this abortion bacteria
Campylobacter venerealis - cattle
59
99% of wound closure tension can be closed by
• closure in halves • Undermining • Tension relieving sutures: horizontal or vertical mattress ^general surgery
60
Can you differentiate malignant vs benign mammary neoplasia with an FNA ?
Dont tell an owner if the mammary mass is benign based on an Fine needle aspirate ==> inaccurate **we need incisional biopsy (need a solid chuck of tissue) histopathology**
61
Most common tumor in intact female dog
Mammary neoplasia 50-50 benign malignant —> need incisional biopsy and staging—> surgery In a dog a radical mastectomy is not more helpful than a multiple lumpectomy (Unlike a cat!!!) *want radical mastectomy in a cat*
62
Mammary tumors in cats —> radical chain mastectomy… exception is
Feline mammary fibromatous hyperplasia in young cats when they can just be spayed
63
Sertoli cell tumor and spermatochord torsion is more common in ___
Cryptorchid testis (intact ofc)
64
Balanoposthitis
Inflammation glans penis and prepuce — E.coli, herpes, C.renale (pizzle rot)
65
What are viral causes of canine abortion
Canine herpes mainly (isolate the dam and kids 3weeks before and 3 weeks after whelping) Distemper and adenovirus can cause stress
66
Which of these causes feline abortion primarily Feline herpes Feline panleukopenia FIP FeLV FIV
Feline panleukopenia PaRVOVIRUS THAT CAUSES CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA AND TREMORS
67
Orchitis can be caused by __ and __
Grandulomatous inflammation : immune reaction to the spermatozoa outside the seminepherous tubules And brucella canis
68
Epididymitis head vs tail
Epididymitis head: congenital/ non-infectious Epididymitis tail: infectious
69
Contagious neoplasm via direct contact
tranmissable venereal tumor, penis and prepuce - mass on external genitalia
70
My optic placenta in cow vs horse
Fungus Cow: hematogenous from the rumen (due to rumen acidosis) or lung Horse: ascending infection from cervix and is around the blood vessels ==> geometric shape bc it is a vascular disease
71
To determine if male or female in hormonal assay, test __ hormones
AMH **A negative aka LOW AMH test is consistent with a spayed female or castrated male**
72
Never use __ and __ hormones to see if animal is intact or not
Estrogen and testosterone bc there are variable levels
73
The pathology of the cervical star in placenta is important for
Brucella infection identification bc it is ascending : this with diffuse placentitis show that there is a bacterial cause
74
Toxoplasmosis fetal death happens in __species___ and looks like ____ on the placenta
Sheep and goat Cotelydenary necrosis and hemorrhage —the intercoteledenary placenta is okay
75
Damage to the intercotelydenary placenta can happen because of __ or ___ Normal physiology that clouds the intercotelydenary area is ___
Adventitious placentation = where the placentomes are not diffusing enough ==> need more area to share nutrition Brucella where there is damage to the intercoteledenary area NORMAL: calcium deposits
76
3 parasites that are transmit in dogs and cats
• Toxocara: transplacental in dogs; transmammary in cats • Ancylostoma: transmammary in dogs • Dirofilaria immitis: transplacental Tx with fenbendazole at 40d of gestation
77
When to check for bipolar embryo and heart beat in bitch via ultrasound
28 days
78
How long does it take for testicles to decent
2 months

Next Gen (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions