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BIOL 3320 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

On average adults hold how much blood?

A

4-6L

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2
Q

What is plasma, and what color is it?

A

matrix of blood that is a clear yellow fluid

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3
Q

Name the formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes , Leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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4
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

centrifuge blood to separate its components to determine the ratio of plasma and RBC

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5
Q

List the formed elements of a normal blood sample from most to least abundant

A

Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils

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6
Q

What is heaviest and settles first in to hematocrit

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

a complex mix of H20, proteins, nutrients, electrocytes, nitrogenous waste, hormones, and gases

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8
Q

An increased hematocrit is an indication of what

A

a higher proportion of RBC, can increase viscosity

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9
Q

An decreased hematocrit is an indication of what?

A

anemia, a lower proportion of RBC

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10
Q

how does plasma differ from serum

A

serum is identical to plasma except of the absence of fibrinogen (what creates clotting)

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11
Q

What does albumin influence

A

viscosity and osmolarity, BP, blood flow, and fluid balence. It is the most abundent plasma protein.

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12
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

the precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

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13
Q

What organ forms both Albumin and Fibrinogen?

A

the liver

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14
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

the resistance of a fluid to flow resulting of the cohesion of its particles

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15
Q

Name 3 factors that play a role in viscosity

A

RBC, Albuumin in plasma, and salt

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16
Q

Describe what blood that is too viscous is like

A

a milkshake through a straw

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17
Q

What is osmolarity

A

the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vells wall

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18
Q

Too high osmolarity results in

A

the blood absourbing too much water, increasing BP

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19
Q

Too low osmolarity results in

A

too much water staying in the tissue, resulting in a decreased BP and edema

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20
Q

describe the diffusion pattern of a solvent

A

(water) diffuses from low to high

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21
Q

describe the diffusion pattern of a solute

A

(protein) diffuses from high to low

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22
Q

What is hypoproteinemia

A

the deficiency of plasma proteins that also causes a decrease in osmotic pressure. The bloodstream is losing more fluid to the tissue than it is reabsorbing through osmosis. Associated with extreme starvation, liver and kidney disease, and severe burns.

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23
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

the production of blood and its formed elements.

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24
Q

what produces all 7 of the formed elements of the blood

A

red bone marrow

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25
Q

how are the first blood cells made?

A

the yolk sac produces STEM cells for the first blood cells

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26
Q

what organ stops producing blood cells at birth

A

the liver

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27
Q

What are Pluripotent stem cells and where are they found

A

located in the bone marrow, these cells have not differentiated yet so they can change into any of the types of cells

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28
Q

what are colony forming units

A

cells that know what they want to be

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29
Q

myeloid hemopoiesis is

A

blood formation in the bone marrow

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30
Q

what are the 2 main functions of Erythrocytes

A

1) carry O2 from lungs to cell tissues
2) picks up CO2 from tissues and bring it to the lungs

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31
Q

what would happen if you had insufficient RBCs

A

death in minutes due to lack of O2 to the tissues

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32
Q

describe some characteristics of RBCs

A

lacks nearly all organelles and nucleus to allow for bending and stacking, uses anaerobic fermentation, no protein synthesis or mitosis

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33
Q

what is the major function of RBC

A

gas transport

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34
Q

why is it important that RBC use anaerobic fermentation

A

because it prevents them from consuming oxygen that they are supposed to transport to other tissues
pizza driver eating pizza

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35
Q

The cytoplasm of a RBC contains what?

A

33% Hemoglobin! and also CAH

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36
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

aids in O2 delivery of RBC

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37
Q

how many protein chains does Hb have

A

4 (2 alpha and 2 beta)

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38
Q

How many heme groups are there and what is in the center of them

A

4 and there is an iron at the center

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39
Q

What is the hematocrit packed cell volume

A

the percentage of blood volume that is composed of RBC

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40
Q

Why do men have a great PCV than females

A

testosterone, total body, mass, and men do not have menstral cycles

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41
Q

what is erythropoiesis

A

the production of RBC

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42
Q

What is the average lifespan of a RBC

A

120 days

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43
Q

how long does it take for RBC to develop

A

3-5 days

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44
Q

Name the cell types in order of Erythropoiesis

A

1) stem cell
2) colony forming unit
3) erythroblasts
4)reticulocyte
5) mature erythrocyte

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45
Q

what type of receptors do colony forming units have

A

erythropoietin receptors

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46
Q

what is a reticulocyte

A

when a erythroblast’s nucleus is consumed by macrophages it becomes a reticuloctye and leaves the bone marrow an enters the circ system

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47
Q

what is an instance in which reticulocytes would increase

A

blood loss would cause an increase of eyrthropoiesis which would increase the number of reticuloytes

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48
Q

what are the kidneys responsible for

A

responsible for monitoring 02 conc

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49
Q

what do the kidneys do if o2 conc is too low

A

release epo

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50
Q

what is hypoxemia

A

oxygen conc too low in blood

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51
Q

describe the negative feedback process of erythrocyte homeostatsis

A

1) a drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia detect by the kidneys
2) kidneys secrete EPO to stimulate the red bone marrow
3) Accelerate erythropoiesis causes an increased RBC count in 3-4 days
4) this ends in an increased o2 transport

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52
Q

Name some stimuli that increases erythropoiesis

A

hypoxemia, exercise, high altitude, loss of lung tissue in emphysema

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53
Q

what is the spleen known as

A

the RBC graveyard. it filters and cleans blood

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54
Q

what seperates the heme from the globin

A

macrophages

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55
Q

what does the globin breat down into

A

ammino acids that are reused

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56
Q

what is the heme broken down into

A

yello bilirubin in the blood and Iron that is reused. From there the bilirubin is removed by the liver and secreted in bile

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57
Q

what is the problem with liver damage

A

prevents the removal of bilirubin and leads to jaundice

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58
Q

What is polycythemia

A

the excess of RBC

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59
Q

what are some things that can cause polycythemia

A

dehydration, smoking, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning

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60
Q

what is iron stored as and where

A

ferretin in the liver

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61
Q

What are the dangers of polycythemia

A

increase blood vol, pressure, viscosity which can lead to a stroke and heart failure

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62
Q

What is Anemia

A

inadequate erythropoiesis or Hb synthesis

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63
Q

What are the consequences of anemia

A

tissue hypoxia and necrosis, reduced osmolarity, and low blood viscosity

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64
Q

What is sickle cell disease

A

recessive mutation that causes RBC to become rigid and pointed causing small vessels to be blocked. This leads to heart and kidney failure, stroke, joint pain and paralysis

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65
Q

What are RBC antigens called

A

agglutinogens

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66
Q

what are RBC antibodies called

A

agglutinins

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67
Q

The name of the blood type corresponds to

A

what antigens it has

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68
Q

Who is the universal donor

A

O, lacks antigens

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69
Q

Who is the universal recipient

A

AB, lacks antibodies

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70
Q

Antibodies are present

A

if the letter isnt present in the name. For example, blood type A has B antibodies, O has A and B, and AB has none

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71
Q

What is agglutination

A

when antibodies bind to antigens caused the RBCs to clump. This is why transfusion matches are key

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72
Q

People who have antigen D are what RH factor

A

positve, those lacking are negative

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73
Q

What kind of blood can RH- people receive

A

only RH negative blood, positive can receive either

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74
Q

What is Hemolytic disease of the newborm

A

an Rh- mom has formed antibodies and is pregnant wither her second Rh+ child. Cause agglutination.

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75
Q

What is the prevention of HDN

A

RhoGAm injection

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76
Q

What are the types of granulocytes

A

1) neutrophils,eosiophil, basophil

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77
Q

What are neurtophils

A

the first line of defense, aggressively antibacterial , neutrophilia- rise in neutrophils in response to bacterial infetion

78
Q

Eosinophil

A

increased number in parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, and diseases of the spleen and CNS

79
Q

Basophils

A

secretes a histamine that speeds blood flow to a injuryed area and also secretes heparir (anticoagulents)
essental for an inflammatory response

80
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monovytes

81
Q

What doe lymphocytes do

A

differentiate into cells that produce antibodies, include memory cell lines, and detroy cancerous and virally infected cells

82
Q

What do monocytes do

A

immune clearence and differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages

83
Q

Leukopenia is

A

low WBC count which causes you to have an elevated risk of infection

84
Q

Leukocytosis

A

high WBC causes infections, allergy and disease

85
Q

What is Leukemia

A

cancer of the hemopoietic tissueu that produces a high number of leukocytes

86
Q

What factors play a role in Complete blood count

A

Hematocrite, HB conc, RBC, WBC, platelet count, RBC size, and HB conc per RBC

87
Q

What is Hemaostatsis

A

the cessation of bleeding

88
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of hemostatsis

A

1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug
Coagulation

89
Q

What are platelets

A

small fragments of megakarycyte cells that play a hige role in blood loss prevention

90
Q

functions of the platelet

A

secrete vasoconstricters, form platelet plugs, secrete procoagulants, secrete growth factors

91
Q

what happens during the vascular spasm

A

prompt constiction of a broken vessel due to smooth muscle injury
release of serotonin.
provides time forother mechanism

92
Q

describe the platelet plug formation

A

broken vessels release sticky collagen and platetlet pseudopods stick to the damaged vessels and other platelets
postive feedback cycle

93
Q

Coagulation

A

the most effective defense against bleeding
fibrinogen to fibrin threads
postive feedback

94
Q

What is an extrinsic pathway

A

factors released by damaged tissue (8,5,10)

95
Q

what are intrinsic pathways

A

factors found in blood platelets (11,9,8,10)

96
Q

What factor does tissue damage release

A

factor 3- thromboplastin

97
Q

what factor does platelets release

A

factor 12- Hageman

98
Q

factor 3 and 12 activate

A

factor 10

99
Q

Factor 10 activation

A

prothrombin activation

100
Q

What two things does the liver make during coagulation

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

101
Q

what makes the polymer that is the web like structure that holds a blood clot together

A

fibrin

102
Q

What dissolves fibrin

A

plasmin

103
Q

What is Fibrinolysis

A

the dissolution of a clot

104
Q

What is thrombin dilution

A

by rapidly flowing blood, heart slows in shock which can result in clot formation

105
Q

What is Hemaphilla A

A

miss factor 8

106
Q

What is hemaphilla B

A

missing factor 9

107
Q

What gender is affected more by hemaphillia

A

men

108
Q

what is a hematoma

A

masses of clotted blood in the tissue

109
Q

What is thromboisis

A

abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels

110
Q

What is pulmonary embolism

A

clot breaks free and travels from veins to lungs

111
Q

What is infarcation

A

tissue death may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ

112
Q

What do arteries do

A

carry blood away from the heart

113
Q

What do veins do

A

carry blood back to the heart

114
Q

What do capillaries do

A

connect smallest arteries to smallest veins

115
Q

Tunica interna

A

selectively permable barrier that secretes chemicals. Lines the blood vessels and is exposed to blood. Has endothelium

116
Q

what is the waterslide

A

the endothelium

117
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle, collagen, and regulates the diameter

118
Q

Tunica externa

A

loose CT, anchors, and has vasa vasorum

119
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

small vessles that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels

120
Q

Conduction (elastic/large) arteries

A

biggest, close to heart, expand during systole, have internal and external elasric lamina

121
Q

Distributing (muscular medium) arties

A

distribute blood to organs, smooth muslce contributes to the thickness

122
Q

Resistance arteries

A

smallest, control amount of blood to organs, vey little tunica externa, metarterioles

123
Q

Annerysm

A

weak point in artery or heart wall. forms a thin walled bluging sac that may rupture. Can cause hyprttension and atherosclerosis

124
Q

Carotid sinuses

A

barorecpetors in walls of internal caratoid artry that monitor BP

125
Q

Caratoid bodies and aortic bodies are

A

chemoreceptors

126
Q

What are capillaries

A

are thin walled exchange vessels where gasses, nutrients , wastes, and hormones pass between blood and tissue fluid

127
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

most common, thight junctions that form a tube with intercellular clefts that allow passage of solute. COntract and regulate blood flow

128
Q

Fenestrated capillaries:

A

filration pores for organs that require rapid absourption or filtration

129
Q

discontinuous capillaries

A

liver, bone marrow, spleen, allows albumin and new blood cells to enter the circulation

130
Q

capillary beds

A

networks of capillaries supplied single ateriole spincters that relax and contract ( no blood flow)

131
Q

greatest capacity of blood is where

A

veins

132
Q

Postcapillary veins

A

smallest veins, no muscle fibers, most leukocytes emigrate from the blood streamm

133
Q

muscular veins

A

1-2 layers of smooth muslce in media and a thin externa

134
Q

medium veins

A

have venous valves

135
Q

What are varicose veins

A

result in failure of the venous valves. Blood pools in lower legs of people who stand alot . Obesity and pregnancy

136
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins of the anal canal

137
Q

venous sinuses

A

not capable of vasomotor responses. veins with espcially thin walls and large lumen and no smooth muslce

138
Q

Large veins

A

close to heart, tunica externa is thickest

139
Q

What is the simpliest and most common route for blood

A

heart
arteries
aterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
one netwoek of capillaries

140
Q

What is a portal system

A

Blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary network before returning to the heart

141
Q

Anastomosis

A

the converge/connection point between two vessels other than capillaries

142
Q

Ateriovenous anastomosis

A

artery flows directly into veins bypassing capillaries

143
Q

venoous anastomos

A

most common one veins empties directly into another

144
Q

Is vein blockage less serois that aterial

A

yes

145
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A

to arterial merge provides collateral routes of blood

146
Q

Define blood flow

A

amount of blood flowing through organ tissue or vessl in a given time mL/min

147
Q

Perfusion

A

flow pergiven volume or mass of tissue in a given time

148
Q

At rest what is total flow

A

equal to CO, 5.25L/min

149
Q

The relationship of flow and change in P

A

greater the pressure diff the greater the flow

150
Q

relationship between flow and resistance

A

the greater the resistance the less the flow

151
Q

Define BP

A

the force that blood exerts against a vessle wall

152
Q

where is BP measure

A

at the brachial atery

153
Q

Top BP number

A

systolic pressure which is the peak aterial BP taken during ventricular systole

154
Q

bottom BP number

A

diastolic pressure which is the minimum arterial BP during ventricular relaxation between heart beats

155
Q

What is the normal value for a young adult

A

120/75

156
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

stiffening of ateries due to deterioration of elatic fibers of artery walls

157
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

build up on lipid that becomes plaques

158
Q

Hypertensio

A

high BP 140/90 and up. weaken arteries, causes aneurysms, promotes atherosclerosis

159
Q

Hypotension

A

chronic low resting BP, blood loss, dehydration, and anemia

160
Q

What is BP determined by

A

CO, blood vol, and resistance to flow

161
Q

What 3 things play a role in resistance

A

blood viscoisty, vessel length, and vessle radius

162
Q

what is the only signifcant way of controlling resistance

A

vessel radius (vasoreflexes)

163
Q

vasoconstriction and dialation concern what

A

smooth muscle contracting or relaxing

164
Q

from aorta to capillaries

A

blood velocity decreases due to greater distance, smaller radii

165
Q

from capillaries to vena cava

A

velocity increases. veins create less resistancew

166
Q

what are the most signiicant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow

A

arterioles ( produce half)

167
Q

What are the 2 purposes of vasoreflexes

A

control BP and routing blood from one body region to another

168
Q

Local control

A

autoregulation and production of wastes causes dialation

169
Q

describe a baroreflex

A

automatic, negative feedback response to chnage BP
glossopharengeal nerve sends signals to brainstem
vagus nerve to heart
only short tem regulation

170
Q

process of elevated BP

A

arteries stretch
baroreceptors fire faster
caridoinhibitry neurons stimulated
vasomotor center inhibited
leads to increased vagal tone and reduce HR
leads to reduced sympathetic tone and vasomotor ton which causes dialation

171
Q

Meduallart reflex

A

automatic response to drop in perfusion of the brain.

172
Q

Angiotension II

A

vasoconstrictor
raises BP
promotes NA and water retension of the kidnets
increase blood volume and pressure

173
Q

Atrial natriurectic peptide

A

increase urinary sodium excertion
reduces blood vol and promotes vasodilation
lowers BP

174
Q

ADH

A

promotes water retention and raises BP
vasoconstricotr

175
Q

Epip and nore

A

when binding to alpha it constricts and when binding to beta it dialates

176
Q

capillary excahnge

A

2 way movement of fluid across capillary walls

177
Q

3 routes of capillary exchange

A

cell cytoplasm
intercellur clefts
filtration pores

178
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

drives fluid out of capillary, high on aterial end and low on venous end

179
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

draws fluid into the capillary
results from greater albumin

180
Q

capillaries reabsourb how much fluid

A

85% of the fluid they filter

181
Q

if arteriole dialates whats happens to hydrostatiic pressure

A

increase, vasoconstriction causes decrease

182
Q

What is edema

A

excess fluid in th etissie

183
Q

What is venous return

A

the flow of blood back to heart.

184
Q

What does venous return rely on

A

pressure gradiant, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, throracic puml, and cardiac suction

185
Q

what does exercise do to venous return

A

increase

186
Q

What is venous pooling

A

occurs with inactivity. causes dizziness. Venous pressure is not enought ot force blood up

187
Q

What is a TIA

A

a brief epside of cerebral ischmia. a spams of cerebral arties. early warning of a stroke

188
Q

CVA

A

sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischmia, atherosclerosis , thrombosis

189
Q

What is luminar flow

A

blood flows in layers with the middle of the lumen flowing the fastest

190
Q

when lumen diamter is increase BP

A

decreasses

BIOL 3320 (4 decks)

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