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Bio 465 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much water do you need of every kg of dry

A

2.5 kg

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2
Q

How can you calculate the crude protein

A

6.25*nitrogen

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3
Q

How much is fecal water loss

A

7-10% in humans
13-24% in sheep
30-32% in cows

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4
Q

How much water can human body lose before death

A

10%

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5
Q

The number of H in the stomach is ___ of that in blood

A

10^6x more

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6
Q

There are ____ amino acids and they are made of ___ nitrogen

A

20, 16%

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7
Q

How much is insensible water loss in humans/sheep

A

30-35/40-45

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8
Q

Water makes up ___ percent of body

A

50-67

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9
Q

What is the percetage of water gotten from carbs lipid protiens

A

56/107/40

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10
Q

Many tissues are __ percent water depending of content of ___

A

70-90, fat

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11
Q

How can we calculate percent water

A

73.2-0.732(percent fat0

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12
Q

How do you calculate fat percentage?

A

100-1water/.732

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13
Q

the true glandular stomach in the ruminant

A

abomasum

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14
Q

the true stomach

A

abromasum

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15
Q

Why would you need more water?

A

Activity, ruination, milk, pregnancy

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16
Q

digestion is accomplished in large part by enzymes produced by microbes inhabiting the gut

A

alloenzymatic digestion

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17
Q

Who was the founde rof the science of nutirtion?

A

Antoine Lavoisier

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18
Q

The act of feeding animals to meet their metabolic and productive needs

A

applied nutrition

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19
Q

digestion resulting from enzymes produced by the animal

A

autoenzymatic digestion

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20
Q

Roughphage feeders have ___ rumen than coselectors

A

Bigger

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21
Q

Roughphage feeders have ___ rumen pillars than coselectors

A

bigger

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22
Q

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

A

bile

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23
Q

Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption

A

brush border

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24
Q

An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food, high fiber diet cows, rapid intake, highly developed omasum and many leaves/ papillae

A

Bulk feeder

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25
Q

In pigs acid is nlot a factor in stomach ulcers, instead it is from ____ and can be solved by ____

A

carbohydrate fermentation, more fiboruous diet

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26
Q

Carbohydrates are made of

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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27
Q

region of the stomach attached to the esophagus

A

cardiac region

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28
Q

What is the type of animal that doesnt need carbohydrates?

A

cats (felinovara)

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29
Q

animals with rumina, regurgitate food that has been partially digested in the rumen, chew it again, and reswallow it

A

chewing cud

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30
Q

What were the animals used to discover many nutition things

A

chickens

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31
Q

Break down the cell wall to consume cell contents, leave fruit, not as mch bacteria, small rumen + reticulum,and omasum, bigger salivary gland

A

concentrate selectors

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32
Q

When is the time that fecal water loss is greater than urinary?

A

cow

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33
Q

A large diverticulum “blind pouch of esphogous” used for food storage

A

crop

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34
Q

What is the human version of nutrition?

A

Dietics

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35
Q

What are the four main categories of nutriotn

A

Domestic Animals, Wild birds and mamals, lab animals, humans

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36
Q

What causes stomach ulcers in horses and what can help

A

eating many small meals, higher fiber diet that increases saliva and hay

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37
Q

specialized absorptive cells in the villi of the small intestine

A

enterocytes

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38
Q

Fetal ___ are replaced by mature ones shortly after birth

A

enterocytes

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39
Q

nonglandular area surrounding the cardia

A

esophageal region

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40
Q

What are the four regions of the autoenzeymatic system?

A

esphoigal, cardiac, fuedulus gland, pyloric

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41
Q

nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food

A

essential nutrients

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42
Q

Where can you get lipids from?

A

Fats and oil, fatty acids, fat soluble vitamin, photosyhtetic plants, plant waxes

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43
Q

What are the two types of vitamins

A

fat soluble, water soluble

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44
Q

What are the type of herbivores

A

foliovores, frugivores, granivores

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45
Q

Cold water increases

A

food intake

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46
Q

What are the three main differens between basic metabolic processes

A

Food selection, digestive track physiology, location of microbial digestion

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47
Q

small non ruminants can

A

forage better

48
Q

Multi-chambered stomach (where bacteria digest food) is found before the small intestine (where nutrients are absorbed). Efficient system, macropods, camelids, ruminattes

A

foregut fermentation

49
Q

Why is stomach motility good?

A

For the mixing of gastric secretions, moving too small intestin

50
Q

The upper left portion of the stomach, which has a curved, dome-shaped appearance.

A

fundus of stomach

51
Q

An organ that usually mechanically breaks down food

A

gizzard

52
Q

On top of the microvilli

A

Glycocalyx

53
Q

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous

A

goblet cell

54
Q

Occurs when ruminants inadvertently consume metal, which migrates through their bodies, causing infection, goes into heart, causes anorexia arched back fever and pain

A

hardware disease

55
Q

Smaller animals tend to

A

have higher energy requirment per unit body mass, need higher quality diety, concentrate selectors,

56
Q

Very large mamals tend to

A

have higher erngy need but quanity matters more, (non ruminats less limited in diet)

57
Q

What are situations that metabolic water would be only one aviable to animal

A

hibernate

58
Q

modified regions of the colon and caecum for bacterial digestion., rabbits horses

A

hindgut fermenters

59
Q

The pyloric regions contain ____ which help move the release of gastric secretion

A

hormones

60
Q

Eating more fibours food ___ water fecal loss

A

increase

61
Q

what is the third step of severe dehydration

A

increase and pulse and respirtory rate tempature and blood conenctraiotn

62
Q

the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing

A

insensible water loss

63
Q

a method of determining organic nitrogen content by back titration

A

Kjeldahl method

64
Q

Newborn mamamals abosrb __ to get ___

A

large intact protiens, materal antibodies (colostrum)

65
Q

The main site of water absorption

A

large intestine

66
Q

Roughphage feeders have ___ papilla than coselectors

A

less

67
Q

Birds consume ____ than mamamls

A

less water

68
Q

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

Lipids

69
Q

What is final step of dehydartion

A

Lose ability to stand, death

70
Q

What are the two types of minerals?

A

macro/micro

71
Q

The small intestinve is the

A

main site of digestion and absorption

72
Q

Roughphage feeders have ___ omasum leavesthan coselectors

A

more

73
Q

Young animals need ____ water then adults

A

more

74
Q

Roughphage feeders have ___ cell bacterolyte than coselectors

A

more

75
Q

What are the four things that can affect water requirment

A

nitrogenous waste, protien intake, ruminaints, feeds

76
Q

The autoenzymatic digestive system ____ intenstinal

A

not

77
Q

Very large animals and very small tend to

A

not be ruminats

78
Q

Compounds in food that the body requires for proper growth, maintenance, and functioning, reporduction, lctation

A

nutrient

79
Q

___ goes to the ciruclatory system, ____ foes to the lympatheic system

A

nutrients, lipid

80
Q

The process by which your body takes in and uses food

A

Nutrition

81
Q

the minimum amount of water required to dissolve urine wastes

A

obligatory water loss

82
Q

the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum.

A

Omasum

83
Q

the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum, you retain material in the rumen until it has broken down

A

omasum

84
Q

What is metabolic water>?

A

oxidation-reduction reaction

85
Q

What are the three ways that animals cna prevent water loss

A

panting, shade seeking, bathe in mud/wate

86
Q

The surface area of intensteives is increased by

A

papillae

87
Q

a soluble gelatinous polysaccharide that is present in ripe fruits and is extracted for use as a setting agent in jams and jellies, can causes increase in intesntinale gell and diareha

A

pectin

88
Q

Young mamamals have no ___ but instead have ____ and their ph is ___ to allow colonization of bacteria

A

pepsin, chymosin, high

89
Q

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

A

Peristalsis

90
Q

What two animals commonly get stomach ulcers?

A

pig and horse

91
Q

Digestion helps

A

prep nutrients for absorbtion, except for vitamin and mineral

92
Q

glandular stomach

A

proventriculus

93
Q

What are the two stomachs of birds?

A

proventriculus and gizzard

94
Q

part of the stomach closest to the small intestine

A

pyloric region

95
Q

What are teh functions of water?

A

Regulate water temperature, transport, excretion of waste, role in chemical reaction

96
Q

What structure has honeycomb?

A

reticulum

97
Q

stomach chamber in cows and related animals in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose, full of anaerobic bateric and protizoa that secrete enzyemes

A

Rumen

98
Q

Make VFAs; break plant polysaccharides into simple sugars (Cellulose–>glucose); microbes use glucose as energy source to grow (VFA=end product; source of energy for ruminant as well)

A

rumen bacteria

99
Q

In young mamamls you skip the ____ and go directly to the ___ when getting milk

A

rumen, omasum

100
Q

___ and ___ in ruminants need lots of water and ___ needs ome

A

Rumen, omasum, abromasum

101
Q

thick muscle layers in the rumen

A

rumen pillars

102
Q

contain cellulose digesting microbes. honey comb, trap foriegn material

A

rumen reticulum

103
Q

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products., no db

A

saturated fats

104
Q

What animals benifit most from a crop

A

seed eaters

105
Q

the act of dividing or partitioning of the intestines to mix food with enzyemes

A

Segmentation (stomach)

106
Q

grass or other green fodder compacted and stored in airtight conditions, typically in a silo, without first being dried, and used as animal feed in the winter.

A

silage

107
Q

Roughage feeders have ___ fermentation than coselectors

A

slower

108
Q

Roughage feeders have ___ salviary glands than coselectors

A

smaller

109
Q

What are the two classifications of carbs?

A

Starces, sugars, easy to digest/ cellouse hard to digest

110
Q

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

A

unsaturated fats

111
Q

What are the four main ways we lose water?

A

Urination, feces, insensible water, sweat

112
Q

When animals like kangaroo rats or marine animals have no aces to dirnking water they

A

use water from food

113
Q

what allows the baby to get food directly, bypasses reticulum and rumen

A

Ventricular Groove

114
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

A

villi

115
Q

What is the first step of resitring water

A

water less and reduce productivyt

116
Q

What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients

A

water, protien, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals

117
Q

what is the second step of rrestricitng water

A

weight loss and severe dehydration

Bio 465 (1 decks)

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