Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

Answer 1

german pharmacist and pioneer of alkaloid chemistry discovered morphine

Answer 2

biosynthesized in opium poppy, used as pain reliever, chronic use causes tolerance

Answer 3

produces most of its analgesic (relieves pain) effects by binding to the mu-opioid receptor with the CNS and PNS

Answer 4

chronic expose to morphine causes phosphorylation of opioid receptors by GRKs phosphorylation prepare opioid receptors for arrestin binding (arrestin are proteins that in active phosphorylated GPCRs and block interaction with G proteins) Arrestin binding blocks further G protien0mediated signaling inducing desensitization of opioid receptors

Answer 5

brain and spinal cord

Answer 6

everything else, nerves that travel from you spinal cord and brain to supply your face and rest of your body with signals

Answer 7

nervous system processes your brain runs automatically and without you thinking of them

Answer 8

functions you manage by thinking about them

Answer 9

Methanol! It is slowly metabolized eventually interrupting the mitochondrial functions and demyelinates the optic nerve, leading to loss of vision and death. While EtOH is toxic, its oxidation products are less toxic (acetic acid) than methanol oxidation (formic acid) the "cure" for methanol poisoning is ethanol, indicating that health care professionals believe that ethanol is less toxic than methanol

Answer 10

Chrysene has multiple aromatic rings and is solely composed of C's and H's (hydrocarbon)

Answer 11

PFAS molecules contain a lot of flourine. The P is for "per" meaning fluorine is in all possible carbon bonding positions but not all PFAs are completely fluorinated

Answer 12

stain resistant, water resistant, paints, firefighting foam

Answer 13

Highly colored pigments, catalysts for drying, corrosion inhibitor

Answer 14

Human testing needed for pharmacuticals but also can't fully know risks until human tested. Many people don't want animal testing and using cellular/computational models leads to controversy with results Need to balance human safety and human trials

Answer 15

inhibits GABA inhibitors significant amount of first pass metabolism, only 40-50% make it to nervous system morphine processed in the kidneys and eliminated in urine

Answer 16

both on membrane of neuronal cells and both opioid receptors that can cause pain relief Mu leads to euphoria, addition, respirator depression kappa leads to dysphoria and sedation

Answer 17

1906, Harvey Wiley, and Upton Sinclair, under law drug makers had to list ingrediants deemed dangerous and can't mislabel ingrediants law banned adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products and made food inspectors

Answer 18

1930 inspired by work of Harvey Wiley in the Pure food and Drug Act

Answer 19

Any substance capable of causing cancer, cells showing both uncontrolled growth and a tendency to invade and destroy other tissues. Cancer typically manifests in a tumor that arises from normal tissue but serves no physiological function

Answer 20

Author of the book Silent Spring (1962) that is widely credited to birth the environmental movement. An author, marine biologist and conservationist, Rachel wrote about the effects of pesticide use on wildlife, causing public concern. Her work led to the development of the EPA and the banning of the synthetic pesticide DDT

Answer 21

friend of rachel carson, upset when birds died

Answer 22

Banned in 1977 Why lead in paints? Pigments Usually: lead chromates, lead oxides, lead molybdates, lead sulfates, Catalysts for cross-linking to speed drying (lead octoate, lead napthentate) Inhibit corrosion (lead tetroxide)

Answer 23

many oxophilic (oxygen loving), many use phosphate (PO4 3-)

Answer 24

Bisphenol A (2 aromatics together with OH on both) in plastics until 2012, particularly baby bottles and water bottles, endocrine disruptor

Answer 25

perfluorinated chemicals, persistant,, industry moving to alkyl chain alternatives "have at least two adjecent carbon atoms, where one carbon is fully flourinated and the other is at least partially fluorinated

Answer 26

firefighting foams, microwave popcorn bags, water resistant clothes, paint, stain resistants, cosmetics, peticides, photography, stain resistant furniture, non stick pans,

Answer 27

7 glands and organs, using hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood

Answer 28

chemicals with Estrogen-like and anti-androgen effects causing damages to different tissues and organs, including reproductive system, immune system and neuroendocrine system, etc.

Answer 29

group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women.

Answer 30

a group of sex hormones that give men their 'male' characteristics (such as testosterone)

Answer 31

can increase or decrease normal hormone levels, can mimic the body's normal hormone levels, can alter the body's natural production of hormones

Answer 32

carbon single bonded to two oxygens and double bonded to one oxygen

Answer 33

bisphenol-A + Diphenyl Carbonate= Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate Transesterification route also releases phenol not all BPA linked in production and leeches out

Answer 34

mainly uses phosgene which can cause extreme lung damage can also do BPA and phosgene synthesis

Answer 35

one of the originators of green chemistry

Answer 36

reproductive developmental and aquatic

Answer 37

chemicals that interfere with normal sexual function and fertility

Answer 38

Onset of puberty Gamete production and transport Reproductive cycles Sexual behavior Pregnancy outcomes Sperm count or shape

Answer 39

Shows up same places as lead (pigments, ect). LEGOs and toys deteriorates sperm motility and synthesis of hormones impairs female reproduction and reproductive hormonal balance and menstrual cycles

Answer 40

Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate aromatic with two chains of carboxilic acid and carbon chains

Answer 41

Added to plastics to make them flexible Often in: tablecloths, floor tiles, furniture upholstery, shower curtains, garden hoses, swimming pool liners, rainwear, baby pants, dolls, some toys, shoes, automobile upholstery and tops, packaging film and sheets, sheathing for wire and cable, medical tubing, and blood storage bags.

Answer 42

demonstrated to cause developmental toxicity, such as birth defects, in rats and mice from oral exposure. Reproductive effects, such as decreased fertility, proportion of pups born alive, and testicular weights and tubular atrophy, have also been noted from oral exposure to DEHP in animals.

Answer 43

Prevented Thalidomide (a developmental toxicant) from being released on US markets, 1960s, awarded presidents award for work

Answer 44

cause adverse effects on development of offspring, induced during pregnancy or as result of parental exposure

Answer 45

Death of the developing organism Structural abnormality Altered growth Functional deficiency Manifest at any point in lifespan Teratogens – substances that cause birth defects

Answer 46

thalidomide mercury, retanoic acid

Answer 47

Only S-(−)-thalidomide is teratogenic Disrupts blood flow to developing limbs Possibly useful for tumor inhibition Undergoes racemization in the body

Answer 48

Anti-inflammatory Leprosy Used with dexamethasone for multiple myeloma

Answer 49

Medications (like Thalidomide) are small molecules which can interact with cell receptors, causing a response Small molecules can interact with many different cell receptors, triggering the “unintended consequences” (side effects) vaccine is pieces of mRNA Thalidomide undergoes racemization, mRNA vaccines do not Vaccines have been used for many years, with mRNA vacciens studied since the 1970’s

Answer 50

is the intrinsic property of a substance to injure an aquatic organism after a short-term exposure.

Answer 51

is the potential or actual properties of a substance to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms during long-term exposures in relation to the life cycle of the organism.

Answer 52

Whole effluent toxicity the collective toxicity of all water flowing into a wastewater treatment plant

Answer 53

Trout, koi and juvenile fish of several species are known to be particularly sensitive to copper. Acute: Fish kills have been reported after copper sulfate applications for algae control (algicide) in ponds and lakes. (Caspian fish show LC50=2.3ppm and 10-20ppb is acutely toxic) Chronic: Reproduction, growth, brain function issues

Answer 54

cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria, lysyl oxidase in connective tissue, dopamine monooxygenase in brain, and ceruloplasmin.

Answer 55

what is observed as concentration increases

Answer 56

aplied to oat and grain crops, alters a plants growth, preventing it from beinding over and makin it easier to harvest, in cherios ect. may cause infertility and delayed puberty

Answer 57

inhalation (breathing into lungs) absorption (soak through skin) ingestion (swallowed)

Answer 58

Chemicals in the air can be breathed in through the nose or mouth. Gases and vapors are absorbed through the lungs directly into the bloodstream. Dusts, particulate matter and mists can settle into to different parts of the respiratory tract depending on the particle size.

Answer 59

Coarse (bigger) particles, PM10 Can irritate your eyes, nose, and throat. Dust from roads, farms, dry riverbeds, construction sites, and mines are typical sources Fine (smaller) particles, PM2.5 More dangerous Can penetrate into deep parts of your lungs, possibly enter the bloodstream

Answer 60

acute exposures lead to cardiovascular events, chronic exposure increase risk of strokes coronary heart disease and premature death 7 mil die yearly in lower income countries

Answer 61

Some chemicals can pass through the skin into the body and cause health problems. Some chemicals can affect the skin directly causing irritation or dermatitis.

Answer 62

Chemicals can rub off dirty hands and contaminate food or drink. Chemicals in the air can settle on food or drink and be swallowed. Chemicals that are swallowed can be absorbed in the digestive tract.

Answer 63

1970, US environmental protection agency Established by the Nixon administration, with the goal of creating a branch of government who would help to maintain clean air, land and water and regulate pollution in the environment.

Answer 64

William Love bought love canal for hydroelectric, left hole in land hooker chemical dumped hazardous waste in hole and sealed with clay cap, school built over site (hooker clause meant hooker couldn't be blamed for problems), homowners lived their from 1950s-1970s until Calspan Coorporation in late 70s alongside Newyork State Department of Health found there were dangerous chemical contamination

Answer 65

New york state department did little other than evacuate women and children, state then agreed to evacuate and buy houses by President Carter in 1980

Answer 66

A chemical and plastics company had used an old canal bed as a chemical dump from 1930s to 1950s. The land was then used for a new school and housing track. The chemicals leaked through a clay cap that sealed the dump. It was contaminated with at least 82 chemicals (benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dioxin). Health effects of the people living there included: high birth defect incidence and seizure-inducing nervous disease among the children

Answer 67

the formation of Superfund, aka CERCLA

Answer 68

After Love Canal and Valley of the Drums, Congress approved the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), “Superfund”! It allows EPA to clean up sites and forces the responsible parties to clean the sites (makes the polluters clean their mess!) President Jimmy Carter signed the Superfund bill into law on December 11, 1980. Part of the Superfund payment to Love Canal included $20 million to move Love Canal residents into safer neighborhoods.

Answer 69

national priorities list, the most harmful locations on the superfund list

Answer 70

Uncontrolled industrial waste dump in Kentucky EPA installed clay cap, perimeter drainage system, groundwater monitoring wells and security fence to help with contamination (started 1987, off NPL by 1996)

Answer 71

23 acres, near Louisville KY Many chemicals were dumped with heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) This was the “nightmare” Caught fire and burned for a time in 1966, owner died in 1977, no law gov’t to step in & clean… Along with Love Canal, an inspiration for Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

Answer 72

Chemicals that take a long time to break down once released to the environment

Answer 73

both heavily halogenated (chlorines) DDT=dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl PCBs are part of a new classification: Dioxins TCDD and PCDF (polychlorinated dibenzofurans)

Answer 74

1982-1985): A small town in Missouri in 1982 the soils along the roads were contaminated with dioxin (from contaminated waste oil). The levels of dioxin (TCDD) were at 300 to 740 ppb. A flood in late 1982 forced ~700 families to leave their homes. The federal government bought the town using $33 million for toxic waste clean-up. By 1985 all the residents were out of the town and it was dis-incorporated. Times Beach was a Superfund site until 1999 when the site opened as a state park to commemorate route U.S. 66 and the history of the Times Beach area

Answer 75

1988, scinetist of mammals and effects of man-made chemicals on offspring, creates "Wingspread statement" which is where the term endocrine disruption was coined writes "Our Stolen Future" which is about ambient exposure effects of endocrine disruptors

Answer 76

called “permissible exposure limits - PELs” or “threshold limit values - TLVs” Workplace limits or allowable amounts in the air that people can be exposed to without known harmful effects.

Answer 77

Best -> worst elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, PPE

Answer 78

TM was the man whose research suggested TEL would “fortify” gasoline, reducing knock Initially, he was NOT in favor of TEL, he had championed ethanol just prior to TEL due to the adverse health effects. NOTE: It was impressive that he washed his hands in TEL to show its safety. But I wonder if it was a showmanship trick, and he did NOT wash in TEL (already knowing of its dangers!)

Answer 79

Medical consultant to Ethyl and toxicologist who studied lead levels in humans. Erroneously concluded lead levels in modern humans were not elevated due to incorrect control group