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culture and society exam 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Viki (Chimp)

A

learned 4 words in 7 years: mama, papa, cup,cup

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2
Q

Washoe (Chimp)

A

learned more than 100 signs in ASL

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3
Q

Lucy (Chimp)

A

learned asl, exhibited human traits like telling lies and teaching others

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4
Q

Koko (Gorilla)

A

used 400-700 ASL signs

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5
Q

FoxP2

A

an important gene in language development

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6
Q

Productivity

A

combining 2 or more signs to create new expressions

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7
Q

Displacement

A

the ability to talk about things that are not present

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8
Q

Kinesics

A

body language: movements and gestures

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9
Q

Descriptive Linguistics

A

the scientific study of spoken language

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10
Q

Phonology

A

Study of speech sounds

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11
Q

Morphology

A

forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes

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12
Q

Syntax

A

arrangement and order of words in phrases or sentences

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13
Q

Lexicon

A

dictionary containing all morphemes and their meanings

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14
Q

Chomsky

A

believed all languages have a common structural basis (Universal Grammar)

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15
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

different languages produce different ways of thinking

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16
Q

Focal Vocabulary

A

specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are important to cultural groups

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17
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

investigates the relationship between social and linguistic variations, or language in its social context

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18
Q

Linguistics relativity

A

All dialects are equally effective as systems of communication

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19
Q

Style shifts

A

varying speech in different context

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20
Q

William Labov

A

pronunciation associated with prestige

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21
Q

Pierre Bourdieu

A

Proper language is a strategic resource, and a path to wealth, prestige, and power. He views linguistic practices as symbolic capital

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22
Q

Deborah Tannen

A

studied differences in the communication styles of men and women

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23
Q

Daughter languages

A

languages that descend from same parent language that have been changing separately for hundreds or even thousands of years

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24
Q

Protolanguage

A

original language from which daughter languages descend

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25
Subgroups
languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related
26
Ethnic Groups
members are related by shared beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms
27
Status
positions people occupy in society
28
Ascribed Status
little or no choice about occupying the status given
29
Achieved Status
through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments, may be positive or negative
30
Racial Classification
placement into discrete categories based on common ancestry
31
Phenotypical traits
an organism’s evident traits
32
William Loomis
Explains the role of UV radiation in stimulating vitamin D
33
Rule of Descent
assigns social identity on the basis of ancestry
34
Hypodescent
automatically places children of mixed marriages in the group of their minority parent
35
Nations
society sharing a common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship
36
States
stratified society with formal, central government
37
Nation-state
autonomous political entity
38
Assimilation
when a minority adopts the patterns and norms of the host culture
39
Plural societies
society with economically interdependent ethnic groups
40
Multiculturalism
view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining in its own right
41
Prejudice
the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes
42
De Facto
practiced but not legally sanctioned (police treatment of minorities)
43
De Jure
part of the law
44
Genocide
deliberate elimination of a group
45
Ethnocide
destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups
46
Forced Assimilation
dominant group forces an ethnic group to adopt the dominant culture
47
Ethnic Expulsion
removing groups who are culturally different from a country
48
Refugees
people who are forced or who have chosen to flee a country
49
Cultural Colonialism
internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
50
Foraging
reliance on natural resources
51
Horticulture
non-intensive shift cultivation
52
Pastoralism
focused on domesticated animals
53
Nomadism
entire group move with the animals throughout the year
54
Transhumance
part of group moves with herd; most stay in home village
55
Mode of production
refers to the varied ways that human beings collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive
56
Means of production
land, labor, technology, and capital
57
Economizing
rational allocation of scarce means/resources to alternative ends/uses
58
K. Polanyi’s 3 principles of exchanges
1. Market Principle- buying, selling, valuation depends on supply and demand. * 2. Redistribution- goods go to center then back out. * 3. Reciprocity- exchange between social equals
59
Market Principle
buying, selling, valuation depends on supply and demand
60
Redistribution
goods go to center then back out
61
Reciprocity
exchange between social equals
62
Balanced reciprocity
Direct exchange
63
Negative reciprocity
potentially hostile exchanges among strangers
64
Generalized reciprocity
exchanges among closely related individuals
65
Potlatch
Festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of North Pacific Coast of North America
66
Band
small kin-based group among foragers
67
Tribe
non-intensive food production
68
Chiefdom
intermediate form between tribes and states. Differential access to resources/permanent political structures
69
State
formal government, socioeconomic stratification
70
Pantribal sodalities
groups that extend across tribes, spanning several villages
71
Big man
like a village head, except his authority is regional and may have influence over more than one village (regional authority)
72
Economic status
wealth, material assets, income, land, property
73
Prestige
basis of social status
74
Judiciary control
legal procedure and judges
75
Fiscal systems
taxation
76
Hegemony
internalization of a dominant ideology to maintain power of the elite
77
Cadeia (jail)
past phase of an extended political/legal process
78
Enretthe (sorcery attack)
was believed such a punitive sorcery attack would kill the thief or make him extremely ill.
79
Ehaya (shame)
thief would experience extended feeling of disgrace

culture and society exam 2 (6 decks)

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