exam 2

Question 1

what is the difference between rods and cones?

Answer 1

cones detect color and distinct details. rods detect black, white, grey, peripheral, and twilight.

Question 2

what kinds of sounds can humans hear best?

Answer 2

human voices

Question 3

what are the four basic and distinct skin senses?

Answer 3

pressure
warm
cold
pain

Question 4

what is pain for?

Answer 4

tells us when something is wrong

Question 5

what are the five taste sensations?

Answer 5

sweet
sour
salty
bitter
unami

Question 6

how does motor development differ from skill development in infancy and childhood?

Answer 6

everyone develops motor skills around the same time but skill development is dependent to your environment and varies for each person

Question 7

what influences the social development and attachment styles in infancy and childhood?

Answer 7

body contact, familiarity, and strange situation

Question 8

perceptual adaptation

Answer 8

our perception can be adjusted even when our vision changes

Question 9

audition

Answer 9

hearing. sound waves physically move your eardrum.

Question 10

cochlea

Answer 10

inner ear cavity. filled with fluid. important for hearing and important for vestibular sense (balance)

Question 11

auditory nerve

Answer 11

nerve that transports hearing to your inner brain

Question 12

endorphins

Answer 12

natural pain killers

Question 13

gustation

Answer 13

taste, chemical sense

Question 14

olfaction

Answer 14

smell, chemical sense

Question 15

kinesthesia

Answer 15

awareness of your body position and movement. tap fingers together without looking at them.

Question 16

vestibular sense

Answer 16

monitors your head’s position and movement. balance.

Question 17

sensorimotor

Answer 17

if they can see and touch it it’s real but if it disappears it isn’t real

Question 18

preoperational

Answer 18

understands that things can be changed but is still based on what they can see (moving water from one cup to a smaller looking cup)

Question 19

conservation

Answer 19

understanding that something will stay the same despite change in container, shape, or apparent size

Question 20

concrete operational

Answer 20

dont need to see something to reason through it (move water from one cup to another smaller looking cup)

Question 21

formal operational

Answer 21

abstract reasoning and mature moral reasoning. is able to view things from others perspectives.

Question 22

zone of proximal development

Answer 22

specific zone where people learn the most. people can do something with help

Question 23

classical conditioning

Answer 23

pavlov’s original experiment with the dog

Question 24

what is the fundamental conflict of adolescence?

Answer 24

identity

Question 25

neutral stimulus

Answer 25

a stimulus that doesn't create any automatic response. the bell, in the beginning, means nothing.

Question 26

unconditional stimulus

Answer 26

creates an unconditioned response. the food makes the dog salivate.

Question 27

unconditioned response

Answer 27

a response to a stimulus you automatically do without thinking. salivate when seeing the food before the association or the food+bell also.

Question 28

conditioned stimulus

Answer 28

eventually triggers a conditioned response. the bell after the dog learned it means food.

Question 29

conditioned response

Answer 29

a response you have learned through association. just bell= salivation

Question 30

acquisition

Answer 30

the initial stage of classical conditioning. when you start acquiring the learned associations.

Question 31

extinction

Answer 31

when the association goes away

Question 32

generalization

Answer 32

applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus. if the dog started salivating to a similar noise.

Question 33

discrimination

Answer 33

recognizing differences in similar stimulus. opposite of generalization.

Question 34

operant conditioning

Answer 34

rewards and punishment

Question 35

shaping

Answer 35

gradually rewarding behaviors until the desired behavior is achieved. successive operations.

Question 36

reinforcement

Answer 36

something you do to encourage the behavior

Question 37

punishment

Answer 37

something you do to discourage the behavior

Question 38

positive reinforcement

Answer 38

add something to increase desired behavior

Question 39

positive punishment

Answer 39

add something to decrease undesired behavior

Question 40

negative reinforcement

Answer 40

removing something to increase desired behavior

Question 41

negative punishment

Answer 41

remove something to decrease undesired behavior

Question 42

continuous reinforcement

Answer 42

get a gold star every time you read a book. good for teaching a new behavior.

Question 43

partial reinforcement

Answer 43

when someone already knows something is good behavior so you don't want them to expect treats every time. good for keeping good behavior around.

Question 44

gender expression

Answer 44

how you demonstrate your gender to others

Question 45

gender identity

Answer 45

gender that you feel matches who you are

Question 46

sex assigned at birth

Answer 46

physical genetic code. XX=female, XY=male

Question 47

intersex

Answer 47

some aspect of reproductive anatomy doesn't match exclusively female or exclusively male

Question 48

cisgender

Answer 48

sex matches gender identity

Question 49

transgender

Answer 49

sex does not match gender identity

Question 50

agender

Answer 50

does not identify gender

Question 51

what impacts well-being in middle and late adulthood

Answer 51

cultural expectations

Question 52

what are some applications of classical conditioning in the real world?

Answer 52

the video of the guy shooting his roommate with the airsoft gun

Question 53

describe skinner's operant chamber

Answer 53

allows researchers to study animal behavior and response to conditioning. If a bird pushes a button they get a treat.

Question 54

is reinforcement or punishment better when parenting? why?

Answer 54

people respond better to reinforcement. punishment is teaching someone to just not get caught.

Question 55

what is the difference between sex and gender?

Answer 55

gender is man and woman, sex is male and female

Question 56

how do we learn the way we are "supposed" to express gender?

Answer 56

by observing and imitating others

Question 57

what do nonbinary cultural examples teach us?

Answer 57

gender is a cultural construct

Question 58

what is one thing we cannot sense

Answer 58

wetness

Question 59

when does adolescence start?

Answer 59

puberty

Question 60

what are the different parenting styles?

Answer 60

authoritative-best kind of parent authoritarian-helicopter parent negligent-no nurturing or attention permissive-doesn't enforce rules