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Biochemistry > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant biological molecules

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

the building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates

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3
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides

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4
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn
n varies from 3 to 8

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5
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by their

A

number of carbon atoms

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6
Q

The letters ose designate a

A

sugar

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7
Q

two classifications of monosaccharides

A

aldose
ketose

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8
Q

Aldose

A

a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group

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9
Q

ketose

A

a monosaccharide containing a ketone group

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10
Q

carbons in an aldose are numbered using the carbonyl carbon as

A

carbon 1

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11
Q

carbons in a ketose are numbered using the carbonyl carbon as

A

carbon 2

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12
Q

Chiral carbon

A

a carbon that has four different groups attached to it

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13
Q

Chirality is used to assign monosaccharides into the

A

D-configuration or L-configuration

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14
Q

mammalian amino acids are

A

L-configuration

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15
Q

Dextrorotary

A

d-configuration
right or clockwise

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16
Q

Levorotary

A

L- configuration
left or counter clockwise

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17
Q

D-monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide that has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the right

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18
Q

L-monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide that has the -OH on its penultimate carbon on the left

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19
Q

Dextrose

A

old name for D-glucose

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20
Q

D and L configurations are

A

enantiomers
mirror images

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21
Q

Diastereomers

A

monosaccharides that have the same number of carbons, and have a different stereoisomeric configurations but that are NOT mirror images of each other

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22
Q

Epimers

A

differ in configuration at one asymmetric chiral carbon
subset of diastereomers

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23
Q

Triose

A

sugar with 3 carbons

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24
Q

Tetroses

A

sugar with 4 carbons

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25
pentoses
sugar with 5 carbons
26
hexoses
sugar with 6 carbons
27
aldohexose
glucose
28
fructose
ketohexose
29
galactose
aldohexose
30
ribose
aldopentose
31
The alcohol on carbon 5 can react with the aldehyde on carbon one or the ketone on carbon two to form a
hemiacetal or hemiketal respectively
32
ring structure of a monosaccharide
Haworth projection
33
In the cyclization of glucose the carbonyl carbon becomes
the anomeric carbon the C attached to two O atoms by single bond
34
In a Haworth projection the hydroxyl on the anomeric carbon can exist pointing
upwards (beta conformation) or down (alpha conformation)
35
Mutarotation
the spontaneous interconversion between alpha and beta conformations of a monosaccharide
36
Replacement of the hydrogen on the hydroxyl of an anomeric carbon by any other atom creates a
glycoside
37
glycosidic bond
the bond between the other atom and the hydroxyl of a glycoside
38
Multiple monosaccharides can be joined together via glycosidic bonds to form a
bio-polymer
39
Once a glycosidic bond is formed
it is locked and cannot mutarotation
40
Lactose
galactose and glucose
41
Sucrose
glucose and fructose
42
starches
amylose and amylopectin
43
amylose has what kind of linkage
alpha 1-4 linkages
44
cellulose has what kind of linkage
beta 1-4 cannot be digested by humans
45
glycogen and amylopectin have what type of structure
main chain bonds with 1-4 linkages, branches with 1-6 linkages
46
Amino sugars
one or more -OH are replaced by an amino group, -NH2
47
peptidoglycan
polysaccharides that crosslinks found in bacterial c
48
How penicillin works
looks the part of the peptidoglycan and is an irreversible inhibitor of an enzyme involved in making the cell wall
49
Glycoproteins
carbohydrate units covalently bonded to a polypeptide chain
50
A and B blood have
different sugars attached to glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells
51
Two pieces of metabolism
catabolism anabolism
52
catabolism
oxidative process, releases energy
53
Anabolism
reductive process, requires reducing agents and other sources of energy, especially ATP
54
Starchy foods are hydrolyzed by
amylases
55
spontaneous reactions
energetically favorable not requiring energy to occur
56
Nonspontaneous reactions
those which require energy input to occur
57
How do we know which direction a reaction will occur
the standard free energy change for reaction G degree
58
G indicates the
spontaneity of a reaction
59
G<0
reaction is Exergonic energy-releasing and spontaneous
60
G>0
Endergonic, which means it required energy input and is nonspontaneous
61
G=0
reaction is at equilibrium does not mean equal amounts
62
In order to be cells they must perform lots of ___ reactions
endergonic
63
How does the cell come up with the energy to do all of the endergonic reactions it needs to
coupled reactions
64
important features of metabolism
1. metabolic pathways are all connected 2. pathway activity is regulated 3. not every cell carries out every pathway 4. each cell has a unique metabolic repertoire 5. organisms may be metabolically interdependent
65
Glucose units are freed by glycogen breakdown via
phosphorolysis glucose that does not become glycogen can be catabolized to two-carbon acetyl units and converted into fatty acids for storage as triaclyglyerols
66
What two tissues would you expect to find lots of glycogen
liver and muscle
67
Pyruvate, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and acetyl-CoA are major
intermediates for several pathways
68
oxidation
the loss of electrons donates them
69
reduction
gain of electrons recieves them
70
You cannot have oxidation without
reduction
71
Redox states of carbon ranked from highest to lowest
lipids carbs and proteins CO2- waste
72
oxidation of glucose
overall- electrons are lost from glucose and oxygen gains electrons but this is not a direct transfer of electrons there are intermediate electron carriers involved NADH and FADH2
73
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a
two electron acceptor and is reduced to NADH these electrons can then be donated to pathways that produce ATP
74
ATP is commonly called
the energy currency of the cell
75
Why does ATP hydrolysis release so much energy
ATP hydrolysis products are more stable than reactants- highly exergonic
76
Molecules that can serve as energy currency in the cell
ATP Phosphocreatine 1,3-biphosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate glucose-1-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate
77
activation
the formation of a more reactive substance, a higher energy substance causes the next reaction to be exergonic
78
Other ways for the cell to harvest energy
cofactors electrochemical gradient light-excited molecules
79
Regulation occurs at
steps with the largest free energy changes
80
Goals of glycolysis
1. formation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources 2. the production of pyruvate for many additional ATP and NADH produced by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 3. production of six and three carbon intermediate compounds that can be used for other cellular purposes
81
Each step in glucose metabolism is catalyzed by
a distinct enzyme
82
the rate of pathway can be controlled by
altering the activity of individual enzymes
83

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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