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General Psychology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rods

A

Detect black, white, and gray

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2
Q

Cones

A

Clustered near center of retina, detecting fine detail, and colors

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3
Q

Perceptual Adaption

A

Adjusting our perception even when vision is changed, senses can adapt (backwards bike)

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4
Q

Audition

A

Physical, hearing

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5
Q

How are sound waves transformed into nerve impulses

A

physical energy to neural impulses

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6
Q

What sounds can humans hear best?

A

Human voices

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7
Q

What are the four basic and distinct skin senses?

A

Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

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8
Q

Cochlea

A

Inner ear, looks like a snail

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9
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Transmits to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe

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10
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural pain killers, morphine stimulates endorphins

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11
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

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12
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell, Chemical. Less acute than seeing and hearing

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13
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Awareness of body position and movement

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14
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Monitors your head position and movement (car sickness)

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15
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations?

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unmami

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16
Q

What is pain for?

A

To show us that something is wrong

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17
Q

What are the 7 sensory systems, their source, their receptors, and their key brain areas?

A

Auditory, touch, pain, gustation, olfaction, kinesthesia, and vestibular senses.

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18
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Piaget’s stages object permanence

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19
Q

Preoperational

A

Symbolic thinking: Things can represent other things

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20
Q

Conservation

A

Can’t perform mental operations, transforming things in your mind

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21
Q

Concrete operational

A

Comprehending, mathematical, transformations, and conservation (cat in the room = sneezing, cat not in the room = not sneezing)

22
Q

Formal operational

A

Abstract reasoning (math with letters, knowing that they represent numbers) (a+b=c)

23
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky’s Theory:social process of learning (why we play sports with people that are as good as we are)

24
Q

How does motor development differ from skill development in infancy and childhood?

A

Motor development happens to everybody, skill development genes play a factor (hand eye coordination)

25
Q

What influences the social development and attachment styles in infancy and childhood

A

Body contact, familiarity, strange situation (Ainsworth’s research)

26
Q

What physical developments (in the brain) occur during adolescence?

A

Growth of myelin (able to think quickly), frontal lobe lagging behind limbic system (teenagers not being able to process emotion)

27
Q

According to Erikson, what is the main “conflict” in adolescence?

A

Developing identity, experiencing/experimenting with identity and roles

28
Q

What impacts well-being in middle and late adulthood

A

Mid-life crisis, Erikson’s Intimacy, forming relationships

29
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Biologically adaptive, helping animals prepare for good/bad events (dogs getting excited when you pick up the lease)

30
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Doesn’t create automatic response (ringing the bell before the experiment)

31
Q

Unconditional stimulus

A

Creates unconditioned response (smelling meat and salivating)

32
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Response to stimulus automatically without thinking

33
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that produces a certain response (bell, that means food)

34
Q

Conditioned response

A

A response through LEARED stimulation

35
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage of classical conditioning (“acquiring” learned association)

36
Q

Extinction

A

When acquisition stops

37
Q

Generalization

A

Applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus

38
Q

Operant chamber

A

“Skinner box” B.F. Skinner, Reinforcing desired behavior, punishing undesired behavior

38
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Cats ringing a bell for food

38
Q

Discrimination

A

Recognize differences in similar stimulus (flinching at a gun, not a firework)

39
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually reward behaviors until desired behavior is achieved

40
Q

Reinforcement

A

Something you do to encourage the behavior (do more of that)

41
Q

Punishment

A

Discouraging undesired behavior (do less of that)

42
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding something to increase the desired behavior (giving a dog a treat when they sit)

43
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removing something to increase the desired behavior (decreasing jail time for good behavior)

44
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding something to decrease undesired behavior (adding chores if kid doesn’t get their homework done)

45
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removing something to decrease undesired behavior (changing the wifi password as punishment)

46
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Limiting reinforcement to keep desired behavior

47
Q

Gender expression

A

How you express your gender (clothes, hair, physical appearance)

48
Q

Gender Identity

A

How you feel on the inside

49
Q

Social learning theory

A

Observing gender roles (boys learning how to be a man from their father) and the way we are “supposed” to express gender

General Psychology (1 decks)

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