Exam #2

Question 1

Rods

Answer 1

Detect black, white, and gray

Question 2

Cones

Answer 2

Clustered near center of retina, detecting fine detail, and colors

Question 3

Perceptual Adaption

Answer 3

Adjusting our perception even when vision is changed, senses can adapt (backwards bike)

Question 4

Audition

Answer 4

Physical, hearing

Question 5

How are sound waves transformed into nerve impulses

Answer 5

physical energy to neural impulses

Question 6

What sounds can humans hear best?

Answer 6

Human voices

Question 7

What are the four basic and distinct skin senses?

Answer 7

Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

Question 8

Cochlea

Answer 8

Inner ear, looks like a snail

Question 9

Auditory nerve

Answer 9

Transmits to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe

Question 10

Endorphins

Answer 10

Natural pain killers, morphine stimulates endorphins

Question 11

Gustation

Answer 11

Taste

Question 12

Olfaction

Answer 12

Smell, Chemical. Less acute than seeing and hearing

Question 13

Kinesthesia

Answer 13

Awareness of body position and movement

Question 14

Vestibular sense

Answer 14

Monitors your head position and movement (car sickness)

Question 15

What are the 5 taste sensations?

Answer 15

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unmami

Question 16

What is pain for?

Answer 16

To show us that something is wrong

Question 17

What are the 7 sensory systems, their source, their receptors, and their key brain areas?

Answer 17

Auditory, touch, pain, gustation, olfaction, kinesthesia, and vestibular senses.

Question 18

Sensorimotor

Answer 18

Piaget’s stages object permanence

Question 19

Preoperational

Answer 19

Symbolic thinking: Things can represent other things

Question 20

Conservation

Answer 20

Can’t perform mental operations, transforming things in your mind

Question 21

Concrete operational

Answer 21

Comprehending, mathematical, transformations, and conservation (cat in the room = sneezing, cat not in the room = not sneezing)

Question 22

Formal operational

Answer 22

Abstract reasoning (math with letters, knowing that they represent numbers) (a+b=c)

Question 23

Zone of proximal development

Answer 23

Vygotsky’s Theory:social process of learning (why we play sports with people that are as good as we are)

Question 24

How does motor development differ from skill development in infancy and childhood?

Answer 24

Motor development happens to everybody, skill development genes play a factor (hand eye coordination)

Question 25

What influences the social development and attachment styles in infancy and childhood

Answer 25

Body contact, familiarity, strange situation (Ainsworth's research)

Question 26

What physical developments (in the brain) occur during adolescence?

Answer 26

Growth of myelin (able to think quickly), frontal lobe lagging behind limbic system (teenagers not being able to process emotion)

Question 27

According to Erikson, what is the main "conflict" in adolescence?

Answer 27

Developing identity, experiencing/experimenting with identity and roles

Question 28

What impacts well-being in middle and late adulthood

Answer 28

Mid-life crisis, Erikson's Intimacy, forming relationships

Question 29

Classical conditioning

Answer 29

Biologically adaptive, helping animals prepare for good/bad events (dogs getting excited when you pick up the lease)

Question 30

Neutral stimulus

Answer 30

Doesn't create automatic response (ringing the bell before the experiment)

Question 31

Unconditional stimulus

Answer 31

Creates unconditioned response (smelling meat and salivating)

Question 32

Unconditioned response

Answer 32

Response to stimulus automatically without thinking

Question 33

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 33

Stimulus that produces a certain response (bell, that means food)

Question 34

Conditioned response

Answer 34

A response through LEARED stimulation

Question 35

Acquisition

Answer 35

The initial stage of classical conditioning ("acquiring" learned association)

Question 36

Extinction

Answer 36

When acquisition stops

Question 37

Generalization

Answer 37

Applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus

Question 38

Operant chamber

Answer 38

"Skinner box" B.F. Skinner, Reinforcing desired behavior, punishing undesired behavior

Question 38

Operant conditioning

Answer 38

Cats ringing a bell for food

Question 38

Discrimination

Answer 38

Recognize differences in similar stimulus (flinching at a gun, not a firework)

Question 39

Shaping

Answer 39

Gradually reward behaviors until desired behavior is achieved

Question 40

Reinforcement

Answer 40

Something you do to encourage the behavior (do more of that)

Question 41

Punishment

Answer 41

Discouraging undesired behavior (do less of that)

Question 42

Positive reinforcement

Answer 42

Adding something to increase the desired behavior (giving a dog a treat when they sit)

Question 43

Negative reinforcement

Answer 43

Removing something to increase the desired behavior (decreasing jail time for good behavior)

Question 44

Positive punishment

Answer 44

Adding something to decrease undesired behavior (adding chores if kid doesn't get their homework done)

Question 45

Negative Punishment

Answer 45

Removing something to decrease undesired behavior (changing the wifi password as punishment)

Question 46

Partial reinforcement

Answer 46

Limiting reinforcement to keep desired behavior

Question 47

Gender expression

Answer 47

How you express your gender (clothes, hair, physical appearance)

Question 48

Gender Identity

Answer 48

How you feel on the inside

Question 49

Social learning theory

Answer 49

Observing gender roles (boys learning how to be a man from their father) and the way we are "supposed" to express gender