Exam 2

Question 1

rods

Answer 1

detect black, white, and grey.

Question 2

cones

Answer 2

detect color and fine details.

Question 3

perceptual adaptation

Answer 3

senses adapt to when perception/vision is changed.

(guy on the bike with goggles on)

Question 4

audition

Answer 4

hearing, sound waves physically move eardrum.

Question 5

eardrum

Answer 5

first part of hearing process, sound waves strike eardrum.

Question 6

what sounds do humans hear best?

Answer 6

human voices.

Question 7

what are the 4 basic/distinct senses?

Answer 7

pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

(we cannot feel wetness)

Question 8

cochlea

Answer 8

inner ear, filled with fluid to help with hearing and vestibular sense (balance).

(snail)

Question 9

auditory nerve

Answer 9

nerve that transports messages from inner ear to the temporal lobe.

Question 10

endorphins

Answer 10

natural pain killers.

Question 11

gustation

Answer 11

taste, sense chemicals in food.

Question 12

olfaction

Answer 12

smell, sense chemicals in the air.

Question 13

kinesthesia

Answer 13

awareness of body position and movement in space.

Question 14

vestibular sense

Answer 14

balance, head position.

(car sickness)

Question 15

what are the 5 taste sensations?

Answer 15

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unmami.

Question 16

what is pain for?

Answer 16

to show us something is wrong.

Question 17

what are the 7 sensory systems?

Answer 17

auditory, touch, pain, gustation, olfaction, kinesthesia, and vestibular.

Question 18

motor development

Answer 18

how kids develope movement, same timeline for all.

(first sit up, then stand, then walk, etc.)

Question 19

skill development

Answer 19

developing skills, different timelines based on culture.

Question 20

sensorimotor

Answer 20

if i see it it exists, object permenance.

(peekaboo with babies works)

Question 21

preoperational

Answer 21

point where they know things can be changed, but still based on what you can see.

(smashing paydough, taller one has more)

Question 22

conservation

Answer 22

type of transformation kids in preoperational can’t understand.

(think skinny glass has more water than fatter glass but still the same)

Question 23

concrete operational

Answer 23

you understand conservation, can do mental operations, things represent other things.

(imagination, playing house)

Question 24

formal operational

Answer 24

abstract reasoning, can view things from other perspectives, ambiguous topics.

(math with letters)

Question 25

zone of proximal developement

Answer 25

there is a zone where people learn the most, where you can do something with help. | (Vygotsky) (play sports with people at the same level)

Question 26

what influences the social developement and attatchement syles in infancy and childhood?

Answer 26

body contact, familiarity, strange situations.

Question 27

what physical developements occur during adolescence? | (in the brain)

Answer 27

growth of myelin (think quickly), and frontal lobe lagging behind limbic system (unable to process emotion).

Question 28

adolescence

Answer 28

starts **formally at puberty**.

Question 29

identity

Answer 29

the **main conflict of adolescence**.

Question 30

classical conditioning

Answer 30

(pavlov's dog), preparing for good/bad events.

Question 31

neutral stimulus

Answer 31

the bell at the beginning, when it means nothing. | (doesnt create automatic response)

Question 32

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 32

after you learn the association, the meat. | (creates unconditioned response)

Question 33

unconditioned response

Answer 33

salivate at the meat. | (response to stimulus automatically without thinking)

Question 34

conditioned stimulus

Answer 34

the bell after the dog learned it was meat. | (stimulus produces a certain response)

Question 35

conditioned response

Answer 35

salivating at the sound of the bell. | (response through **learned** stimulation)

Question 36

acquisition

Answer 36

the initial stage of classical conditioning, acquiring the association, learn bell means meat.

Question 37

extinction

Answer 37

when it goes away, acquisition stops, ringing bell without meat, stop salivating.

Question 38

generalization

Answer 38

if the doorbell rang and dog salivated, anything in sound range of bell means meat, ptsd. | (apply the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus)

Question 39

discrimination

Answer 39

opposite of generalization, recognizes differences, can distinguish between bell and doorbell.

Question 40

operant conditioning

Answer 40

rewards and punishment.

Question 41

operant chamber

Answer 41

reinforce desired behavior. ## Footnote skinner put pigeons in chamber and they learned to press button to get snack or they get zapped.

Question 42

shaping

Answer 42

gradually reward behaviors until desired behavior is achieved. | (dog in box)

Question 43

reinforcement

Answer 43

encouraging a certain behavior, **do more of this!**

Question 44

punishment

Answer 44

discouraging a certain behavior, **don't do that!**

Question 45

positive reinforcement

Answer 45

money for good grades, dog a treat for good behavior.

Question 46

positive punishment

Answer 46

getting yelled at for bad grades, adding something to punish someone. running laps for doing poorly in sports.

Question 47

negative reinforcement

Answer 47

taking something away to encourage good behavior, taking away jail time.

Question 48

negative punishment

Answer 48

taking something away to punish them, taking a phone away.

Question 49

continuous reinforcement

Answer 49

rewarded every time you do good/certain thing.

Question 50

partial reinforcement

Answer 50

don't always give dog a treat now that desired behavior is achieved.

Question 51

gender expression

Answer 51

clothes, style, hair, etc. how you express your gender identity.

Question 52

gender identity

Answer 52

how you identify on the inside. how you feel matches who you are.

Question 53

sex assigned at birth

Answer 53

based on genes/chromosomes.

Question 54

intersex

Answer 54

combination, not clear which sex organs you have, both.

Question 55

cisgender

Answer 55

choose to identify as the sex assigned at birth, matches.

Question 56

transgender

Answer 56

identity does not match sex assigned at birth.

Question 57

agender

Answer 57

do not identify as any gender.

Question 58

social learning theory

Answer 58

the way we learn by observing and imitating other people.

Question 59

what is something you cant sense?

Answer 59

wetness

Question 60

what are skills based on?

Answer 60

cultural experiences.

Question 61

what are the different parenting styles?

Answer 61

authoritative - good one authoritarian - dictator negligence - uninvolved submissive - free range

Question 62

what impacts well being in middle aged people?

Answer 62

**all of the above**

Question 63

is reinforcement or punishment better?

Answer 63

reinforcement.

Question 64

what do nonbinary cultural examples teach us?

Answer 64

gender is a cultural construct.