Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
define schedules of reinforcement
A
RATES OF PAYOFF
2
Q
what is the prefrontal cortex?
A
EXPERIENCE SIMULATOR
3
Q
all reinforcement ?
A
all reinforcement (positive or negative) INCREASES behavior
4
Q
what’s negative reinforcement?
A
encouragement of certain behaviors by REMOVING or AVOIDING a negative outcome or stimuli
5
Q
what’s positive reinforcement?
A
ADDING REWARDS to a positive behavior in order to encourage it to happen again in the future
6
Q
addictions will?
A
turn into a NEGATIVE feedback loop
no matter WHAT
7
Q
define learning
A
relatively PERMANENT change of behavior based on EXPERIENCE
8
Q
unconditioned = un?
A
unLEARNED
9
Q
conditioned = ?
A
LEARNING
10
Q
example of CS?
A
lab assistants, seeing in n out SIGN
11
Q
example of UCS?
A
meat powder, ballon POP, fries
12
Q
example of NS?
A
door opening lab assistants, WHISTLE/balloon pop, in n out SIGNS
13
Q
example of UCR?
A
salivate , FLINCH, professor salivates
14
Q
example of CR?
A
LEARNED salivation, FLINCH AT EXPECTED, stomach rumble/prof gets hungry
15
Q
what’s stimulus discrimination?
A
cop car lights vs regular car lights
16
Q
describe generalization in stimulus discrimination *acronyms
A
looks enough like the cop car/STIMULUS = CR
17
Q
define operant conditioning
A
you the human OPERATE on your environment based on the rate of payoff (voluntary)
18
Q
a conditioned stimulus leads to what?
A
a CR
19
Q
define acquisition
A
a CR gradually INCREASES in strength
20
Q
define extinction *(acronyms
A
if the CS is presented WITHOUT the UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE, the CR will
FADE !!!!! with time
21
Q
define spontaneous RECOVERY
A
after a PAUSE in time, the behavior spontaneously RETURNS. usually followed by EXTINCTION again
22
Q
who made a quote for short term memory?
A
GEORGE MILLER - magic number 7 PLUS OR MINUS 2 !!
23
Q
short term memory is?
A
WORKING MEMORY!!!
24
Q
3 parts of working memory?
A
- VISUAL STORE - visual and spatial materia
- VERBAL STORE - speech, words, or NUMBERS!!
- EPISOOOOODIC BUUUUFERRRR - episodes or occurrences!!
25
3 diff types of MEMORY?
sensory
short term
long term!!
26
who is pavlov?
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Russian neurologist and physiologist
27
badura ?
ALBERT BADURA - creator of SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
28
define extinction
gradual DISAPPEARING/DECREASING of a behavior.
29
define generalization
tendency to respond the same to DIFFERENT but SIMILAR STIMULI.
30
define stimulus discrimination
ability to DISTINGUISH between one STIMULUS and siiiiimmillarrrr STIMULI.
31
define classical conditioning
involves associating an INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE and a stimulus
32
what experiment did pavlov do?
DOG SALIVATION EXPERIMENT
33
define operant conditioning
associating VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR and a CONSEQUENCE. learner is REWARDED w incennnntivvessss
34
define pos reinforcement
stimulus ADDED to INCREASE a (good) behavior
ADDING GOOD STIMULUS
35
define neg reinforcement
stimulus REMOVED to INCREASE a (good) behavior
REMOVAL OF NEGATIVE STIMULUS
36
define positive punishment
stimulus is ADDED to DEEEECREEEEASEEE a behavior
ADDING NEG STIMULUS
37
define neg punishment
stimulus is REMOVED to DEEEEECREEEEAASSEEEE a behavior.
REMOVING a POSITIVE stimulus (no tv)
38
define fixed ratio
SPECIFIC NUMBER NEEDED, (high responding)
39
define variable ratio
AVERAGE NUMBER (subject to change etc) —> high and steady response rate
40
define fixed interval
FIXED TIME PERIOD NEEDS TO PASS —> lower rates of response
41
define variable interval
TIME VARIES AROUND AN AVERAGE —> produces STEADY amount of responses
42
define thorndikes law of effect
responses that lead to SATISFYING CONSEQUENCES are more likely to be REPEATED
organism makes DIRECT CONNECTION between response WITHOUT ANY AWARENESS that the connection exxxxiiisssttttsss
43
conditioning behavior =?
RULES OF LIFE
44
who is bf skinner?
DEVELOPED SKINNER BOX (operant VOLUNTARY conditioning) w lab animals
45
define reinforcers
any STIMULUS that INCREASES the probability that a behavior will OCCUR AGAIN
46
define continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a behavior EVERYTIME it occurs
47
define partial/intermittent reinforcement schedule
reinforcing of a behavior only SOME of the time (not all)
48
define shaping
process of teaching a COMPLEX BEHAVIOR by rewarding CLOSER & CLOSER approximations of the desired behavior
49
what are the 4 things that damage a relationship and by WHO?
GOTTMAN
1. criticism
2. contempt (judgement)
3. STONEWALLING
4. defensiveness!!
50
define cognitive learning theory
an approach to the study of LEARNING that focuses on the THOUGHT PROCESSES that UNDERLIE LEARNING. —> onion ice cream
51
define latent learning
LEARNING in which a NEW BEHAVIOR is not demonstrated until some INCENTIVE is provided for DISPLAYING IT. (occurs withOUT reinforcement)
52
who was albert baDURA?
psychologist w OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING. (bobo doll experiment)
53
what is memory?
to BE(SER) = encoding, STORE, RETRIEVING (information) aka recollection
54
what is encoding?
RECORDING info in a form usable to memory
55
what is storage?
the MAINTENANCE of material SAVED in memory
56
what is retrieval?
LOCATING material and BRINGING IT INTO AWARENESS to be USED
57
define sensory memory
initial MOMENTARY storage of info, lasting only an INSTANT
58
what are the parts of SENSORY MEMORY?
ICONIC - reflects info from visual system
ECHOIC - stores auditory info coming from ears !
59
define short term memory (numbers)
memory that holds info for **15-25 SECONDS**
7+/-2 CHUNKS
60
short term memory is?
WORKING MEMORY
61
what are the parts to WORKING MEMORY?
VVE = visual store, verbal store, EPISODIC BUFFER
62
what are the 3 portions of the WORKING MEMORY?
verbal store
visual store
EPISODIC buffer
63
define flashbulb memory
very CLEAR DETAIL (could be an important/life changing event like 911 or wedding day)
64
in the first ? minutes of recollection, you lose?
20 MINUTES
40% of ur ability to recall!!
65
proactive interference does what?
OLD affects the NEW
66
RETROactive interference does what?
NEW affects the OLD
67
what does the central executive do?
coordinates material (VVE)
68
what does alzheimer’s do?
SHRINKS brain and turns to swiss
progressive brain disorder that leads to GRADUAL and IRREVERSIBLE decline in COGNITIVE abilities
69
what does amnesia do?
memory loss that occurs WITHOUT other MENTAL DIFFICULTIES
(retro and anterograde)
70
retrograde amnesia
no OLD memories
71
anterograde amnesia
no NEW memories (no ENCODING)
50 first dates
72
what’s semantic memory?
GENERAL knowledge
73
what’s EPISODIC memory?
events that occur in a particular TIME PLACE OR CONTEXT
74
define declarative memory
FACTUAL INFO, sometimes called EXPLICIT MEMORY (divided into S&E)
75
define procedural memory
SKILLS AND HABITS (also referred to as NONDECLARATIVE/IMMMMPLICIT memory)
76
loftus?
false memory syndrome!!!
elizabeth loftus
77
define working memory
memory system that holds info TEMPORARILY while actively MANIPULATING and REHEARSING that info.
78
what causes failures in remembering?
- tip of the tongue phenomenon
- failure to pay attention to material
79
define retrieval cues
STIMULI that allow us to more easily RECALL info that is in LONG TERM memory.
80
define levels of processing theory
THEORY of MEMORY that emphasizes the degree to which NEW MATERIAL is MENNNTALLLLYYYY anaaaalyzed.
81
shallow lvls of processing?
processed merely in terms of its PHYSICAL and SENSORY aspects.
82
deepest lvls of processing?
info is ANALYZED in terms of its MEANING
83
define explicit memory
INTENTIONAL or CONSCIOUS recollection of information
84
define implicit memory
memories of which people are NOT CONSCIOUSLY aware. (related to prejudice etc)
85
define schemas
organized BODIES of info stored in memory that BIIIAAAAASSSS the way NEW INFO is INTERPRETED, stored, and RECALLED!
86
define repressed memories
apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind PUSHED THEM INTO THE UNCONSCIOUS.
87
define autobiographical memory
recollection of our OWN life experiences
- encompasses EPISODIC MEMORIES we hold ab ourselves
88
according to dr hinitz, the brain is?
a DELICATE PHARMACY
89
the student flinch is?
BOTH a conditioned and unconditioned RESPONSE
90
ENCODING memory is the memory process primarily concerned with?
getting info INTOOOOOO memory
91
what do we know about memory?
it is an ACT OF CONSTRUCTION, not merely just a playback.
92
what is positive punishment?* exam question
APPLICATION of something AVERSIVE to the subject
93
which schedule of reinforcement produces a LOWRATE of responding due to an organism learning a SPECIFIC SMOUNT OF TIME must pass before reinforcement?
FIXED - interval
94
sensory has a very LOW precision (T/F)
FALLLSEEEE
95
three subsystems of working memory?
visual store
verbal store
episodic buffer
96
the most rapid forgetting occurs in the first ? and then drastically slows down
9 HOURS
97
in which memory dysfunction does AMNESIA also play a role?
korsakoff’s syndrome !!!!!
98
in lec example of 3 students putting matches in their mouth demonstrate episodic memory; however, he also said those paying attention to the demonstration had what?
HIGHER LEVEL OF ACTIVATION (mirror neurons)
99
using SPECIFIC info and data to make GENERAL CONCLUSIONS about a broader population = what type of reasoning?
INDUCTIVE REASONING !!
100
define thinking
brain activity in which we MENTALLY MANNNNIPULATE information, including WORDS, VISUAL IMAGES, or other data.
101
define concepts
mental groupings of similar OBJECTS, EVENTS, or PEOPLE
102
define prototype
typical, HIGHLY REPRESENTATIVE examples of a concept that correspond to our mental image or BEST EXAMPLE of the concept
103
define heuristic
THINKING STRATEGY that may lead us to a SOLUTION to a PROBLEM or decision but, may sometimes lead to errors.
104
availability heuristic?
judging the LIKELIHOOD of an event occurring on the basis of how EASY it is to think of EXAMPLES
105
familiarity heuristic?
leads us to PREFER FAMILIAR objects, people, and things rather than those unfamiliar or STRANGE to us.
106
define functional fixedness
tendency to THINK of an object only in terms of the way it is most FREQUENTLY/TYPICALLY used!!
107
define divergent thinking
thinking that generates MULTIPLE & UNUSUAL appropriate responses to problems or QUESTIONS
108
define convergent thinking
thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a SINGLE ANSWER and produces a solution that is based primarily on KNOWLEDGE & LOGIC.
109
what is the mind like during trauma?
CAMERA W THE SHUTTER. OPEN!!
110
nativist approach?
humans are genetically PREWIRED to learn language at CERTAIN PERIODS in their lives and in a particular way.
111
learning theory approach?
language acquisition followed the principles of REINFORCEMENT & CONDITIONING
112
linguistic relativity hypothesis?
language SHAPES and helps determine the way people PERCEIVE AND UNDERSTAND the world!
113
whorf?
BENJAMIN LEE WHORF & edward sapir
language influences THINKING (not the reverse).
