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Human A&P 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Koilonikia

A

“spoon nails” a sign of chronic iron deficiency; to resolve, up iron in either
diet or supplements

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2
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

birth defect in which one or more sutures close too early, causing
asymmetrical brain and skull growth to the high pressure; helmet to cure

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3
Q

Alopecia

A

hair thinning in born sexes after age 40; genetically determined and sex
influenced

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4
Q

Striae

A

acute, short term traumas to skin can cause blisters/extreme stretching of the skin
causing dermal tears and leaving silvery white scars.

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5
Q

Hirsutism

A

in women, when production of androgens ↑, excessive hairiness occurs as
well as other signs of masculinization

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6
Q

1st Degree Burn

A

only epidermis is damaged (ex.sun burn), acute heat, redness, pain/usually no
scarring.

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7
Q

2nd Degree Burn

A

epidermis and upper dermis, blisters, little to no scarring, heals in 3-4 weeks

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8
Q

3rd Degree Burn

A

full thickness burn; appears gray-white, cherry red or black; nerve endings
burned off scarring, skin graft may be needed, higher risk of infection

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9
Q

melanin

A

Melanocytes secrete melanin which is found in hair and skin; functions to shield the
nucleus from damage by the UV radiation. Active in stratum basale.

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10
Q

COME: Corneum

A

“horny layer”, 20 -30 rows of flat, anucleated, dead cells; accounts
for 3⁄4 of epidermal thickness; protect from water loss, penetration and act as barrier

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11
Q

LETS: Lucidum

A

“clear layer”; found only in thick skin (palms and soles); thin
translucent band of 2-3 rows of dead keratinocytes

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12
Q

GET: Granulosum

A

4-6 layered (flat), nuclei and organelles disintegrate as flattened;
keratinization begins; lamellar granules slow water loss

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13
Q

SOME: Spinosum

A

(prickly layer); web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments
attached to desmosomes to resist tension and pulling; contains keratinocytes,
melanosomes and dendritic cells.

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14
Q

BEER: Basale

A

“base”, firmly attached to dermis; single row of stem cells that undergo
mitotic division (one stays, other goes); producing two daughter cells each time; 10-25% of layer= melanocytes

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15
Q

Mucus Membrane

A

lines cavities that open to the outside; stratified squamous; secrete lubricating mucus

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16
Q

Serous Membrane

A

simple squamous; serous fluid to prevent friction and ↑ sliding of organs.

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17
Q

Anagen phase

A

active phase; new hair growth

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18
Q

Caragen phase

A

transition phase; marks end of active phase

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19
Q

Telogen phase

A

resting period for follicle

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20
Q

basic functions of bone

A

-Provide shape and support
-Protect internal organs
-Produce and store blood cells
-Store minerals

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21
Q

types of cells involved with appositional growth

A

-Bones widen by appositional growth
-Osteoblasts in the periosteum add compact bone to outer surface to ↑ width of diaphysis

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22
Q

Long bone

A

distinct shaft, medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat); distinct ends…
limbs

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23
Q

Short bone

A

no diaphysis, cube-liked shape…carpals,tarsals, patellae

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24
Q

Flat bone

A

thin, no medullary cavity; sternum, ribs, scapulae; roofing

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25
Q

Irregular

A

irregular shaped

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26
Q

what protects pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcica of sphenoid bone: bony depression in which the pituitary gland sits

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27
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

-Structural unit of spongy bone
-Thin beams of beams of bone aligned,lines of stress
-Web-like

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28
Q

Cervical column

A

small and oval body, foramen Δ, bind spinous process for muscle attachment,
transverse foramina to carry nerves and veins

29
Q

Thoracic column

A

♡ shaped, larger than cervical to ↑ support, foramen=small and round 〇,
transverse process articulates with ribs

30
Q

Lumbar column

A

massive kidney shaped body, foramen large and Δ, spinous process short and
blunt

31
Q

intramembranous growth

A

develop from existing membrane of dense CT (skull and clavicle)

32
Q

Endochondral growth

A

bone forms from hyaline cartilage, continues through childhood as long
bone lengthens

33
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant, collagen fibers, resist compressive stress, costal cartilages of
ribs/embryo,articular cartilage of joint

34
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

strengthen and flexibility (ear and epiglottis)

35
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

thick cartilage fibers/compressive shock absorber ( back and knee)

36
Q

Dermis

A

-Mostly fibrous CT, strong and flexible
-Vascular
-Fibroblasts, macrophages
-Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
-Hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands

37
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

ends retain normal position vs displaced: ends are out of normal alignment

38
Q

Complete fracture

A

broken all the way through vs incomplete: not broken all the way through

39
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

skin is penetrated

40
Q

closes (simple)

A

skin is not penetrated

41
Q

comminuted fracture

A

3+ pieces (aged/old)

42
Q

compression fracture

A

crushed (osteoporotic)

43
Q

depressed fracture

A

inward(skull)

44
Q

greenstick

A

incomplete(children)

45
Q

Cervical vertebral foramina

A

enlarged because of spinal cord enlargement due to the large number of nerves
that innervate the upper limbs

46
Q

Lumbar vertebral foramina

A

spinal cord enlargement due to numerous nerves innervating the lower limbs

47
Q

Layers of the skin order
(superficial to deep)

A

Come (corneum)
Lets (lucidem)
Get (granulosum)
Some(spinosum)
Beer(basale)

48
Q

osteocytes

A

-Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
-Embedded in pits of calcified matrix (lacunae)
-Extensions pass through tiny canals (caliculus)

49
Q

osteoporosis

A

-Bone density is lost
-Most often in aged, post menopausal women due to the ↓ in estrogen
-↑ bone break

50
Q

Tibia and bone prominences

A

● Medial bone that bears weight
○ Medial and lateral condyles
○ Intercondylar eminence
○ Tibial tuberosity
○ Anterior border
○ Medial malleolus
○ Fibular notch

51
Q

fibula

A

● Non weight bearing; no articulation with femur
● Several muscles originate from fibula
● Articulate proximally and distally with tibia
○ Head and lateral malleolus

52
Q

wrist bones

A

● Wrist joint formed by scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
● (Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle)

53
Q

scapula;bony prominences

A

● Thin,triangular, flat bones on dorsal surfaces of rib cage between ribs 2 and 7
● Has 3 borders
○ Superior: shortest, sharpest border
○ Medial (vertebral): runs parallel to spine
○ Lateral (axillary): near armpit, ends superiorly in glenoid cavity fossa (shoulder
joint)
● Bone features
○ Spine: prominent ridge posteriorly
○ Acromion: lateral projection that articulates with acromial end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint
○ Coracoid process: anterior projection that anchors bicep muscle of arm
○ Superscapular notch: opening for nerves
○ Several large fossae names according to location

54
Q

humerus and bony structures, fractures

A

● Largest and longest upper limb bone
● Articulates suppository with glenoid fossa of scapula and inferiorly with radius and ulna
○ Head
○ Anatomical neck
○ Surgical neck: most frequently fractured

55
Q

Colles fracture

A

fracture of distal forearm; end of radius bent backwards; damages to median nerve, common with falls

56
Q

Bimalleolar

A

fracture in medial and lateral malleolus of tibia and fibula (distal ends) common in sports

57
Q

Acromioclavicular

A

collision sports injury; immobilization with sling

58
Q

Humeral fracture

A

surgical neck of humerus

59
Q

Ordering (bone repair)

A

1)hematoma forms
2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) bony callus forms
4) bone remodeling

60
Q

burns, rule of 9’s

A

● Ant and post head and neck= 9%
● Ant and post upper limbs= 9% each (total = 18%)
● Ant and post trunk= 36%
● Ant and post lower limbs=36% (each 18%)

61
Q

clavicle

A

● S-shaped sternal end;artic. medially w/sternum
● Flattened acromial end;artic. laterally w/scapula
● Anchors muscles and acts as brace for lateral arm movement

62
Q

radius

A

Lateral forearm bone
○ Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
○ Radial tuberosity anchors bicep
○ Ulnar notch articulates with ulna
○ Radial styloid process anchors ligaments

63
Q

femur

A

● Largest and strongest
● Can bear ↑↑↑ weight
● Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella

64
Q

humerus; articulates with scapula

A

Glenoid fossa; head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity

65
Q

articulation between humerus and ulna

A

● Inferior articulation
● Olecranon and coronoid processes grip trochlea of humerus to form hinge joint

66
Q

skin,glands (sexual scent)

A

Apocrine glands

67
Q

Cervical vertebrae unique feature

A

Transverse foramina

68
Q

Thoracic vertebrae unique feature

A

Transverse processes

69
Q

Lumbar vertebrae unique feature

A

articular facets interlock

Human A&P 1 (1 decks)

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