Exam 2

Question 1

Arguments

Answer 1

A set of statements where some of the statements are intended to support another

(shows THAT some statement is true)

Question 2

Unsupported Assertions

Answer 2

A statement that is presented as a truth but without any evidence or support for it

Question 3

Report

Answer 3

A set of statements intended to provide information about a situation, topic, or event

(provides information)

Question 4

Illustration

Answer 4

A statement together with an explanatory or clarifying example

(shows WHAT a statement means)

Question 5

Explanation

Answer 5

Provides a reason for the occurrence of some phenomenon

(shows WHY a statement is true)

Question 6

Conditional Statement

Answer 6

An if, then statement

Question 7

Well-Crafted Argument

Answer 7

An argument that is stated in such a way that its important logical features are explicit

Question 8

Excess Verbiage

Answer 8

A word or statement that adds nothing to the argument

Question 9

Discount

Answer 9

An acknowledgement of a fact or possibility that might be thought to render the argument invalid, weak, unsound or uncogent

Question 10

Repetition

Answer 10

A restatement of a premise or conclusion, perhaps with slightly altering wording

Question 11

Assurance

Answer 11

A statement, word, or phrase that indicates that the author is confident of a premise or inference

Question 12

Hedge

Answer 12

A statement, word, or phrase that indicates that the author is uncertain about a premise or inference

Question 13

Sub-Conclusion

Answer 13

A claim that looks like a conclusion because it is supported by one or more statements but isn’t the main conclusion

Question 14

Implicit Premise

Answer 14

A premise that is not mentioned, but is assumed or implied by the context of the argument

Question 15

Constructing a Well-Crafted Argument

Answer 15

1. Identify the premises and the conclusion
2. Eliminate excess verbiage
3. Employ uniform language
4. Be fair and charitable in interpreting an argument
5. Do not confuse sub conclusions with (final) conclusions
6. Make explicit obliviously implicit premises in a charitable way

Question 16

What does it mean for premises to provide independent support for a conclusion (or sub-conclusion)?

Answer 16

Each premise provides independent support, so if one premise is removed, the support provided by the other premises do not decrease

Question 17

What does it mean for premises to provide interdependent support for a conclusion (or subconclusion)?

Answer 17

The premises work together as a logical unit, so if one is removed, the support of the others is decreased

Question 18

Categorical Statement

Answer 18

A statement that related two classes or categories

Question 19

Four Standard Forms (categorical statements)

Answer 19

A: All S are P
E: No S are P
I: Some S are P
O: Some S are not P

Question 20

A form

Answer 20

All S are P
universal affirmative

Question 21

E form

Answer 21

No S are P
universal negative

Question 22

I form

Answer 22

Some S are P
particular affirmative

Question 23

O form

Answer 23

Some S are not P
particular negative

Question 24

Subject Term

Answer 24

The first noun or noun phrase that appears in a categorical statement when it is put into standard form

Question 25

Predicate Term

Answer 25

The second noun or noun phrase that appears in a categorical statement when it is put into standard form

Question 26

Stylistic Variants (A: All S are P)

Answer 26

-Every S is a P
-Each S is a P
-Any S is a P
-If anything is an S, then it is a P
-Things are S only if they are P
-Only P are S

Question 27

Stylistic Variants (E: No S are P)

Answer 27

-Nothing that is an S is a P
-A thing is an S only if it is not a P
-If anything is an S, then it is not a P
-Nothing is an S unless it is not a P

Question 28

Stylistic Variants (I: Some S are P)

Answer 28

-There are S that are P
-At least one S is a P
-There exists an S that is a P
-Something is both an S and a P

Question 29

Stylistic Variants (O: Some S are not P)

Answer 29

-At least one S is not a P
-Not all S are P
-Not every S is a P
-Something is an S but not a P
-There is an S that is not a P

Question 30

Immediate Inference

Answer 30

When a conclusion is drawn from only one premise

Question 31

Corresponding Statements

Answer 31

Categorical statements that share the same subject and predicate terms

(ex: All dogs are collies, Some dogs are collies)

Question 32

Contradictories

Answer 32

Two statements that cannot both be true and cannot both be false (A and O, E and I)

Question 33

Contraries

Answer 33

Two statements that cannot both be true but can both be false (A and E)

Question 34

Subcontraries

Answer 34

Two statements that cannot both be false but can both be true (I and O)

Question 35

Subalternation

Answer 35

The logical relationship between a universal statement and its corresponding particular statement (A to I, E to O)

Question 36

Superaltern vs. Subaltern

Answer 36

Super – universal statement
Sub – particular statement

Question 37

Necessary Truth

Answer 37

A statement that cannot be false under any possible circumstances

Question 38

Necessary Falsehood

Answer 38

A statement that cannot be true under any circumstances

Question 39

Traditional Square of Opposition

Answer 39

A–Contraries–E
A–Subalternation–I
A–Contradictories–O

E–Contraries–A
E–Subalternation–O
E–Contradictories–I

I–Subcontraries–O
I–Contradictories–E

O–Subcontraries–I
O–Contradictories–A