Exam 2

Question 1

fear

Answer 1

cns physiological and emotional response to an immediate, serious threat to one’s well-being (jump scare)

Question 2

anxiety

Answer 2

cns physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger (waiting for jump scare)

Question 3

anxiety disorders

Answer 3

most common mental disorders in the united states

Question 4

anxiety-based disorders

Answer 4

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD)

Question 5

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 5

excessive anxiety experienced under most circumstances; worry about practically everything

Question 6

generalized anxiety disorder criteria

Answer 6

1. person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety and worry about multiple matters
2. symptoms include at least three of edginess, fatigue, poor concentration etc
3. significant stress or impairment

Question 7

GAD

Answer 7

most likely to develop in people faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions

Question 8

SAD criteria

Answer 8

1. pronounced, disproportionate and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others (6+ months)
2. fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others
3. exposure to the social situation almost always produced anxiety
4. avoidance of feared situations
5. significant distress or impairment

Question 9

SAD cognitive-behavioral perspective

Answer 9

interplay of cognitive/behavioral factors; dysfunctional beliefs and expectations about social interactions; unrealistically high social standards and perfectionism; inept social behaviors inevitably leads to terrible consequences; avoidance and safety behaviors performed to reduce or prevent these disasters

tied to genetic predispositions, trait tendencies, biological abnormalities, traumatic childhood/parenting

Question 10

cognitive behavioral treatment

Answer 10

exposure therapy: treatment in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread

rational for treatment = habituation

graded exposure: pace of treatment; construct fear heirarchy where feared stimuli are ranked according to difficulty

Question 11

fear-based phobias

Answer 11

panic disorders

Question 12

panic attack criteria

Answer 12

period, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak of less than 10 minutes, and gradually pass

Question 13

panic disorder criteria

Answer 13

unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly, one or more attacks precede either at least one months of continual concern, or dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks

Question 14

panic disorder cognitive behavioral perspective

Answer 14

bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signed of medical catastrophe and artificially controlled by avoidance and safety behaviors

Question 15

panic disorder cbt treatment

Answer 15

educate about nature of panic attacks; use cognitive restructuring to challenge innaccurate interpretations; graded interoceptive exposure therapy

Question 16

agoraphobic situations

Answer 16

pronounced, disproportionate or repeated fear about being in at least two of the following: public transit, parking lots, shops, lines or crowds, away from home

Question 17

agoraphobia criteria

Answer 17

pronounced, disproportionate, or repeated fear about being in at least two delineated situations; fear of such agoraphobic situations derives from a concern that it would be hard to escape or get help; avoidance of the agoraphobic situations; significant distress or impairment

Question 18

OCD

Answer 18

obsessions: persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a persons consciousness

compulsions: repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety

Question 19

OCD cb perspective

Answer 19

everyone has repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts; those who develop OCD blame themselves for these normal intrusive thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen as a result

Question 20

OCD cb treatment

Answer 20

focus on the cognitive processes that help to produce and maintain obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts; use exposure and response prevention

Question 21

fight or flight response

Answer 21

set into motion by hypothalamus; ANS including brain, spinal cord, and organs for involuntary actions, activates SNS; endocrine system, activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis

Question 22

traumatic event

Answer 22

an event where a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation

Question 23

acute stress disorder

Answer 23

fear and related symptoms begin soon after trauma and last for less than one month; ~50% of cases develop into PTSD

Question 24

PTSD

Answer 24

fear and related symptoms experienced either shortly after the trauma or months or years afterward

Question 25

acute and ptsd biological factors

Answer 25

brain-body stress routes (SNS and HPA axis systems): pre-trauma over-reactive to moderate stressor. post-trauma: over reactivity, more cortisol and norepinephrine

Question 26

acute and ptsd biological factors - brains stress circuits

Answer 26

overlap between fear, arousal, and anxiety brain circuits; amygdala - emotional reactions (fear, panic), activated when confronted with a stressor, prefrontal cortex, PTSD: over-reactive amygdala; hippocampus: forming memories

Question 27

acute and ptsd cognitive factors and styles

Answer 27

factors: increased risk of ptsd, preexisting memory impairments, intolerance of uncertainty, inflexible coping style, negative worldview, resilience, manageable stress exposure severity and nature of the traumatic event a person encounters may determine whether the individual will develop a stress disorder

Question 28

acute and ptsd treatment

Answer 28

cognitive processing therapy: includes a dose of exposure prolonged exposure: mindfulness-based techniques, eye movement desensitization exposure-based treatment is the best intervention for people with ptsd

Question 29

dissociative amnesia criteria

Answer 29

person cannot recall important life-related information, typically traumatic or stressful information; leads to significant distress or impairment; symptoms are not caused by a substance or medical condition

Question 30

dissociative amnesia types

Answer 30

localized: most common; loss of all memory of events within limited period selective: loss of memory for some, but not all events within period

Question 31

dissociative fugue

Answer 31

extreme version of dissociative amnesia; people not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location

Question 32

depersonalization

Answer 32

feeling separation from own body; having mechanical dreamlike, dizzy feelings; awareness that perceptions are distorted

Question 33

derealization

Answer 33

feeling external world/reality is unreal and strange; changing object shape or size

Question 34

unipolar symptoms of depression

Answer 34

emotional symptoms: sadness, experiencing little pleasure, anger motivational symptoms: lacking drive, some die by suicide behavioral symptoms: less active, social withdrawal, slower movement cognitive symptoms: hold negative views, blame themselves, pessimistic physical symptoms: headaches, dizzy spells, indigestion, sleep disturbances

Question 35

unipolar depression criteria

Answer 35

1. for 2 weeks, person displays an increased in depressed mood 2. person also experiences three or four depressive symptoms 3. significant distress or impairment

Question 36

major depressive disorder vs persistent depressive disorder

Answer 36

major: presence of major depressive episode, no pattern of mani or hypomania persistent: person experiences symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years; symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time; no history of mania; significant distress

Question 37

unipolar depression biochemical factors

Answer 37

reflection of disorder or help produce disorder (low activity of serotonin/norepinephrine); interactions between neurotransmitters (glutamate, responsible for stimulating neurons is low)

Question 38

unipolar second gen antidepressants

Answer 38

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (prozac); selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine); serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine)

Question 39

unipolar depression behavioral perspective

Answer 39

number of life rewards related to presence or absence of depression; strong relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness

Question 40

unipolar depression negative cognitions

Answer 40

beck: uni depression is produced by a combo on maladaptive attitudes, cognitive errors in thinking and automatic thoughts (cognitive triad) watkins: ruminative responses, longer feelings of dejection, and increased likelihood of later life clinical depression

Question 41

unipolar depression cog-beh treatment

Answer 41

reintroduction to pleasurable events/activities; limited help as solo treatment beck: 1 - increasing activities 2 - challenging auto thoughts 3 - identifying negative thinking 4 - changing primary attitudes

Question 42

unipolar depression sociocultural perspective

Answer 42

uni depression influences by social context and outside triggers

Question 43

uni depression family-social perspective

Answer 43

decline in social rewards impacts depression; weak or unavailable social support, isolation and lack of intimacy

Question 44

uni depression multicultural perspective

Answer 44

few differences in symptoms between racial groups, hispanic and black americans more likely to have recurrent depression; uneven distribution with some minority groups

Question 45

uni depression developmental psychopathology perspective

Answer 45

uni depression is caused by a combo of genetics, earily life trauma, magnitude and timing of factors, and resiliency to adversities in childhood

Question 46

bipolar disorder manic episode criteria

Answer 46

1. for 1 week or more, person displays inflated irritable mood 2. person also experiences three of reduced sleep, shifting ideas, heightened activity, excessive pursuit 3. significant distress or impairment

Question 47

bipolar disorder I vs II

Answer 47

I: occurence of manic episode; hypomaniac or major depressive episodes may precede or follow manic episode II: presence or history of depressive episode/hypomaniac episode; no history of manic episode

Question 48

bipolar disorder diagnosis (cyclothymic)

Answer 48

milder form of bipolar disorder; continues for 2+ years; usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood

Question 48

bipolar disorder biological perspective

Answer 48

believed to be genetic predispositions; high norepinephrine + low serotonin; improper transport of ions back and forth between neurons membrane

Question 49

suicide

Answer 49

self-inflicted death with an intentional and conscious effort to end one's life; variety of motives and concerns and levels of ambivalence

Question 50

nonsuicidal self-injury

Answer 50

distinct from suicide attempt - true intent behind these behaviors may be unclear; direct and deliberate destruction of one's own body tissue without an intent to die

Question 51

suicidal factors

Answer 51

stressful events; mood changes; alcohol and drug use; mental disorders; modeling immediate stressors: loss of loved one, job; natural disaster long term stressor: social isolation; serious health problem; abusive environment; occupational stress

Question 52

suicidal factors cont.

Answer 52

mental disorders: majority of those who attempt suicide have psycho disorder; unipolar/bipolar depression (70%) modeling: suicidal act appears to serve as model for other such acts, especially among teens

Question 53

underlying cause of suicide sociocultural perspective

Answer 53

durkheim: suicide probability is determined by attachment to social groups such as family, religious institutions and community interpersonal beliefs: percieved burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness; hopelessness basic motivation to live can weaken with exposure to adverse events (abuse, trauma)

Question 54

suicide relationship to age

Answer 54

older adults are most likely to commit suicide and are most successful because: illness, loss of loved ones, loss of control over their life, loss of social status, ethnicity, interpersonal theory