Exam 2 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Albert of Brandenburg:
A
Archbishop of Mainz who made a deal with Pope [Leo X?] to split the profits from the indulgences in Germany.
2
Q
Augsburg Confession
A
Document of the primary confession of faith for the Lutheran church (Gonz. 44-6)[DL]
It contains 28 articles of faith by which Lutherans believe (wiki).[DL]
3
Q
Cardinal Cajetan
A
Cardinal Cajetan was sent to the Imperial Diet as Pope Leo X’s legate. Cajetan was “a man of vast erudition whose main task was to convince the German princes to undertake a crusade against the Turks … and to agree to a tax for the support of that enterprise…. As a secondary task, Cajetan was also instructed to meet with Luther and force him to recant” (Gonz. 29-30); Luther fled when Cajetan refused to even listen to his defense. [w.a.]
4
Q
Charles V
A
Summons Luther to Diet of Worms
is Catholic, but unable to stamp out protestantism because he is tied up repeatedly by political issues such as national defense. kresge.
Holy Roman Emperor
5
Q
Colloquy of Marburg:
A
In 1529, Philip of Hesse called the leaders of the Reformation together in Marburg: Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Oecolampadius, and Zwingli. “On fourteen out of fifteen issues there was agreement, but not on the meaning and efficacy of communion” (Gonz. 64); that is, they disagreed about “the manner of the presence of Christ in communion” (Gonz. 85). [w.a.]
6
Q
Conrad Grebel:
A
One of the first Anabaptists and a member of the brethren. “George Blaurock, a former priest, asked …Conrad Grebel, to baptize him. On January 21, 1525, at the fountain that stood in the city square in Zurich, Grebel baptized Blaurock, who then did the same for several others” (Gonz. 69). This essentially started the Anabaptist (or Re-baptist) movement. [w.a.]
7
Q
Diet of Spire:
A
First Diet: In 1526, “the Diet of Spire formally withdrew the Edict of Worms, and granted each of the many German states the freedom to choose its own religious allegiance” (Gonz. 44).
Second Diet: In 1529, “At that point there was a renewed threat of imperial intervention , and princes who until then had been fairly moderate joined the ranks of the staunch Catholics. The result was that the Edict of Worms was reaffirmed. This prompted the Lutheran princes to present a formal protest, thus receiving the name ‘Protestants’” (Gonz. 44). (Johnathon said to focus on the Second Diet) [w.a.]
8
Q
Diet of Worms (1521)
A
Luther summoned to Worms by the HRE Charles V.
Luther, promised safe passage, stands before the Emperor and is instructed to denounce his writings. He refuses, leaves, and Frederick the Wise hid him.
9
Q
Exsurge Domine (1520):
A
A papal bull issued by Leo X in which he declared that “a wild boar had entered the Lord’s vineyard”; all of Luther’s books were to be burned, and Luther was given sixty days to submit to Roman authority or else he would be excommunicated and anathematized (Gonz. 33). [w.a.]
10
Q
Erasmus of Rotterdam
A
(1466-1536)
known as the Prince of the humanists. He called for a life of simplicity. He viewed obedience to Christ as more important than doctrine. He was convinced that the Christian struggle was an inner one (if I remember correctly it’s Gonz. 14-18).
11
Q
Frederick the Wise
A
Elector of Saxony. Predominant supporter of Martin Luther, though he never wholly accepted his teachings. Protected Luther for a long time in Wartburg Castle.
12
Q
Heinrich Bullinger:
A
Zwinlgi’s successor; Bullinger was a disciple and companion of Zwingli and took his place when he died.
13
Q
John Eck
A
Professor at the university of Ingolstadt who broke Luther’s and Miltitz truce by attacking Andreas Rudolph Bodenstein von Karlstadt (Gonz 31f. please add more I ran out of time!).
Got into a debate with Luther. He won the debate, though Luther was far his superior in understanding of the Bible. Yet Eck, knew Canon Law. He was able to prove that Luther believed what Hus did. “He had proven what he had set out to prove: that Luther was a heretic [because Luther said that the Christian is subject to Scripture and not the pope] and a supporter of the teachings of Huss” (Gonz. 32)
14
Q
John Tetzel:
A
a Catholic German Dominican preacher known for selling indulgences, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, by the payment of money to the church.
Famous quote: “‘as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs’” (Gonz. 27).
15
Q
Katharina von Bora:
A
A nun who escaped the convent and married Martin Luther. They had a happy marriage and six kids; their home was a place for both orphans and students [Gonz., 42-43].
16
Q
League of Schmalkalden:
A
a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century
17
Q
Leipzig Disputation:
A
was a theological disputation originally between Andreas Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Eck, a defender of Catholic doctrine, had challenged Karlstadt to a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
18
Q
Melchior Hoffman:
A
Was an Anabaptist prophet and a visionary leader in northern Germany and the Netherlands.
“Hoffman began announcing that the Day of the Lord was near. His preaching inflamed the multitudes” (Gonz. 72).
19
Q
Menno Simons:
A
Was an Anabaptist religious leader from the Friesland region of the Low Countries. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers.
His followers came to be called Mennonites.
20
Q
Ninety-Five Theses:
A
were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences.
21
Q
Philipp Melanchthon:
A
was a German reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.
22
Q
Pope Leo X:
A
was head of the Catholic church and is probably best remembered for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter’s Basilica, which practice was challenged by Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.
23
Q
Schleitheim Confession:
A
was the most representative statement of Anabaptist principles, endorsed unanimously by a meeting of Swiss Anabaptists in 1527 in Schleitheim (Switzerland).
24
Q
Thomas Müntzer:
A
was an early Reformation-era German theologian, who became a rebel leader during the Peasants’ War. He turned against Luther with several anti-Lutheran writings, and supported the Anabaptists. In the Battle of Frankenhausen, Müntzer and his followers were defeated.
25
Twelve Articles of the peasants:
were part of the peasants' demands of the Swabian League during the German Peasants' War of 1525.
26
Ulrich Zwingli:
was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. He was influenced by the writings of Erasmus. He became a pastor and railed against the Catholic Church and the Anabaptists.
27
Wartburg Castle
The fortress Luther lived in for a time to avoid authorities. Arranged by Frederick the Wise.
28
According to Luther, how is a Christian is both free and servant of all?
Since all believers are priests and kings: [E]very Christian is by faith so exalted above all things that, by virtue of a spiritual power, he is lord of all things without exception, so that nothing can do him any harm.” (Freedom, 63) [ZM]
Yet “a Christian lives not in himself, but in Christ and in his neighbor,” it must be remembered. (80) Therefore we are to “devote all our works to the welfare of others,” for “Love by its very nature is ready to serve and be subject to him who is loved.” (53, 74) It must be done by faith, for love “is true and genuine where there is true and genuine faith.” (80)
Faith alone makes a Christian lord of all, and by faith alone a Christian serves in freedom and love (see 65).
29
The relationship of law to gospel and inner man to outer man in Luther’s understanding of individuals
and society
For individuals, the law corresponds to the outer man - restrains evil and shows us our need for Christ, but cannot save the soul. The gospel corresponds to the inner man - it justifies us and gives us a new nature.
For society, the law/outer man corresponds to the civil government - it is to regulate itself by strict justice (eye for eye) and is mainly concerned with the external (property, health, money, etc.). The gospel/inner man corresponds to the church - which regulates itself by the law of Christ (turn the other cheek) and is mainly concerned with the internal (piety, holiness).
Man has “a twofold nature, a spiritual and a bodily one,” as “the entire Scripture of God is divided into two parts: commandments and promises” (Freedom, 53, 57) The promises must be received by faith alone for a Christian to be free, however, for “God our Father has made all things depend on faith so that whoever has faith will have everything, and whoever does not have faith will have nothing.” (58) God fulfills the law by his promises, which belong to and are the New Testament. Thus, the one who receives them by faith will be absorbed into the Word of God and made free, for when this union happens “the Word imparts its qualities to the soul.” (58) From here the Christian, being justified in the spirit, must kill the flesh day by day, not having leisure on earth but instead being joyful in Christ in the inner man. (67)
30
The three walls of the Romanists. How the Roman Catholic system of sacraments amounts to a Babylonian Captivity of the Church
The Pope and his clergy don’t have to submit to civil authorities
Luther says priesthood of all believers
erases sacred/secular divide
asserts all men submits to civil authorities
Pope is the only one competent enough to interpret Scripture
Only the Pope can summon a church council
31
Act of Supremacy (1534):
was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the .supreme head of the Church of England.
32
Anne Boleyn:
was Queen of England as the second wife of King Henry VIII. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Mother of Elizabeth
33
Anne of Cleves:
was Queen of England as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII. The marriage was never consummated, and she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment of their marriage, Anne was given a generous settlement by the King.
34
Book of Common Prayer:
is the short title of a number of related prayer books used by Anglican churches. The original book, published in 1549, in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome, made by Thomas Cranmer.
35
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey:
was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He influenced King Henry VIII. He was Archbishop of York.
36
Catherine of Aragon:
was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Prince Arthur. Mother of Bloody Mary.
37
Catherine Howard:
was Queen of England as the fifth wife of Henry VIII. Catherine was beheaded after less than two years of marriage to Henry on the grounds of treason for committing adultery while married to the King.
38
Catherine Parr:
she was the sixth wife of Henry VIII.
39
Cuthbert Tunstall:
was an English Scholastic, church leader, diplomat, administrator and royal adviser. He tried to burn Tyndale’s crap
40
Duke of Somerset:
The uncle of Edward VI and Lord Protector.
41
Edward VI:
was King of England and Ireland. He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. Edward's reign was marked by economic problems and social unrest that, in 1549, erupted into riot and rebellion.
42
Elizabeth I:
Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born into the royal succession. She never married or had any children. In religion she was relatively tolerant, avoiding systematic persecution.
43
Forty-Two Articles of Faith:
written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in 1553 “for the avoiding of controversy in opinions.” These had been partly derived from the Thirteen Articles of 1538, designed as the basis of an agreement between Henry VIII and the German Lutheran princes, which had been influenced by the Lutheran Augsburg Confession (1530).
44
Great Bible:
was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English, authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the Church of England.
45
Henry VIII:
English king who had 6 (six) wives; handsome, intelligent, lazy scoundrel who spoke and read Greek, Latin, Italian.
46
Hugh Latimer:
was a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and Bishop of Worcester before the Reformation, and later Church of England chaplain to King Edward VI. In 1555 under Queen Mary he was burned at the stake, becoming one of the three Oxford Martyrs of Anglicanism.
47
Jane Seymour:
was Queen of England from 1536 to 1537 as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, a son who reigned as Edward VI.
48
John Foxe
was an English historian and martyrologist, the author of Actes and Monuments, an account of Christian martyrs throughout Western history but emphasizing the sufferings of English Protestants and proto-Protestants from the fourteenth century through the reign of Mary I.
49
Lady Jane Grey:
was an English noblewoman and de facto monarch of England. (Edward VI announced her as his successor, but after he died Mary Tudor took the throne after Lady Grey’s reign of 13 days.)
50
Mary Tudor:
Bloody Mary, Mary I. NOT queen of france. Queen of England and daughter of Henry VIII. She well deserved the name bloody for her reign was such. During her reign, which was relatively short, she slaughtered many protestants -and vied for Catholic Supremacy.
51
Matthew’s Bible:
An English translation produced by Richard Grafton, but edited by John Rogers. “The work, published in 1537, is often known as ‘Matthew’s Bible,’ from the pseudonym adopted by Rogers to protect his identity” (McGrath, 91). The text drew mostly from Tyndale’s work. It also included very controversial marginal notes that had to be revised. [w.a.]
52
Miles Coverdale:
was a 16th-century Bible translator who produced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English.
53
Nicholas Ridley:
was an English Bishop of London. Ridley was burned at the stake, as one of the Oxford Martyrs, during the Marian Persecutions, for his teachings and his support of Lady Jane Grey.
54
Pope Clement VII:
“a cousin of Leo X, and his policies were similar to those of his kinsman. Although he did succeed in his plans for the beautification of Rome, his pontificate was disastrous for the Roman church, for it was during his time that England declared itself independent of papal authority, and the troops of Charles V sacked Rome” (Gonz., 146); he also refused to invalidate Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine (of Aragon, I think). [w.a.]
55
Thomas Cranmer:
was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He also was burned for being a protestant though he tried to recant at first. He burned his hand first to rid himself of the hand that signed the recantation.
56
Thomas Cromwell:
was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England. Cromwell was one of the strongest advocates of the English Reformation. He helped arrange the annulment of Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He was later executed for treason and heresy.
57
Thomas More:
was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important counsellor to Henry VIII. More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.
58
William Tyndale and his “One Note”
Will the King of England give his official endorsement to a vernacular/English Bible from the originals for all his English subjects? . . . If Tyndale was “always singing one note,” this was the crescendo of the song of his life—the finished and refined New Testament in English.
59
Describe several major effort at Reform by Isabella and Jiménez
- Monasteries and converts – “Remember your vows”
- Encourages scholarship and printing of books
- University of Alcala
- Complutensian Polyglot: renewed biblical studies
- Jimenez is also Grand Inquisitor: “…typical of most of the Catholic Reformation, which sought to purify the church through austerity, devotion, and scholarship, but at the same time insisted on strict adherence to traditional dogma” (Gonz 138)
- Isabella received right to appoint clerics from pope
60
Complutensian Polyglot
Six volume, multilingual edition of the Bible
Finished in 1517, pub. In 1520
Jimenez: “this edition of the Bible…opens the sacred sources of our religion, from which will flow a much purer theology than any derived from less direct sources” (Gonz 137)
61
Colloquium of Regensburg, including areas of agreement and reasons for failure
One of last efforts to reconcile with Protestants
Martin Bucer, Melanchthon, Charles V (called it), Gasparo Contarini
Agree broadly on justification:
Salvation solely from God
Good deeds a necessary response to grace
Catholics insist on transubstantiation, the church as sole interpreter of Scripture
62
Copernicus:
proposed the theory of the sun at the center of the cosmos (which he thought pleasing to the mind), met with little acceptance.
Polish astronomer who had “side-interests” in astronomy (he was a physician and church legal officer) and came up with the heliocentric system. This proposed the Sun/Helios at the center of cosmological geography rather than the Earth, as the Ptolemaic system had it, to explain planetary movements. He published his principal work, De revolutionibus, near his death by the encouragements of Lutheran friend Georg Joachim Rheticus.
Since the theory was considered heresy and philosophically weak after his theory’s publication, prominent Protestant reception was scant until Kepler in the 1600’s. However, Wittenberg was one of the first to become the center of Copernicanism. Catholic reception was similarly scant until Pope John Paul’s efforts in the 1990’s.
One of the theory’s results was to allow Galileo to affirm heliocentricity in the Catholic church, only for the Catholic Church to consider De revolutionibus and Galileo as heretical and erroneous. It was accepted into the RCC only after a few alterations. [Bowers’ Ppt; Ferngren, 95-94 Ren]
63
Council of Trent: its calling, course, character, and doctrines and positions affirmed/repudiated
Calling: uniform reform of RCC, refute and break from Protestantism.
Luther (d. 1546) and other reformers had been calling for a universal council, but papacy feared another conciliarist-rebirth of a council supreme to the pope, and refused. Pope Paul III, a reformer who still propagated papal worldliness, called it to reform the Catholic church and to condemn and break from Protestantism.
Course: often in recess from 1545-1563
Charles V demands it be in his territory. Trent was imperial city in Northern Italy
Pope-emperor tensions: when pope moves council to Papal States, Charles tells his bishops to stay at Trent
Cardinal Carafa becomes Paul IV in 1555
“Under his leadership…the Inquisition increased to point of terror” (Gonz 147)
First pope fully committed to reform, but leaves council suspended to protest its independence
Character:
Emphasis on uniformity
sought to refute every Protestant contention
sought to map out path of reform
Doctrines and positions:
Equality of the Bible and tradition
Reaffirmed Vulgate as authoritative text
Rejected justification by faith
“faith is the beginning, salvation is not wholly of God”
Retains seven sacraments and asserts their necessity for salvation
Affirmed transubstantiation, Mass as propitiatory sacrifice
Confirmed indulgences and veneration of saints
Reaffirmed supreme authority of pope, but emphasizes spiritual, not temporal
Stress on missionary mandate
Index of Prohibited Books
64
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
Like Luther, tormented by his sin and ultimately of God’s mercy toward him
Chivalrously devotes himself to the Virgin after bed-ridden-vision, proponent of RCC
founds Society of Jesus/Jesuits in 1534, initially to work among the Turks
Gained formal approval by Pope Paul III in 1540 and directed against Protestants
Had military experience and known for scholarship
65
Francis Xavier
Jesuit missionary
brings Catholic message to India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Japan
His adaptability sparks debate about contextualization
66
Gasparo Contarini
Showed up as papal legate at the Colloquium of Regensburg 1541, and afterwards was beaten out by Carafa.
67
Jesuits:
- Founded by Ignatius Loyola when Pope Paul III made them official in 1540
- Patterned after military and known for scholarship
- was a movement used by the RCC directed against Protestants
- Sent missionaries to Protestant lands and won back some regions
- known for missions to the Far East and New World
68
John of the Cross
Small/short monk who was befriended and collaborated with Teresa of Avila to found male branch of Discalced Carmelites. Also enjoyed honor in “Doctors of the Church” list by Pope Paul VI.
69
Pope Paul III and his efforts at reform
- Commission for reforming the church (1537)
- Papacy had exaggerated claims to power
- Should return focus to spiritual tasks
- Makes Jesuits official (1540)
- Council of Regensburg (1541)
- Calls Council of Trent (1545)
70
Pope Paul IV/Cardinal Carafa
Cardinal Carafa becomes Paul IV in 1555
“Under his leadership…the Inquisition increased to point of terror” (Gonz 147)
First pope fully committed to reform, but leaves council suspended to protest its independence
71
Robert Bellarmine
Theologian-Scholar, main systematizer of Catholic theological arguments against Protestant claims. Held Chair of Polemics for 12 years in Rome, publishing his great work against Protestants, On the Controversies of the Christian Faith, in 1593. Also participated in Galileo’s trial to condemn heliocentricity
72
Spanish Inquisition
Initially directed mostly at those accused of “Judaizing” or of witchcraft, later turned to attend those whose call for reformation could be dubbed “Lutheranism.” They could not put a full stop to it. Pope Paul IV enforced index of forbidden books.
73
Teresa of Avila
Mystic to found Barefoot/Discalced Carmelites for both men and women.
against father’s wishes, joined in easy Carmelite-monasticism
Sought to renew ancient strict observance of monastic vows
had visions that led her to found convents throughout Spain
Her nuns wore sandals instead of shoes, thus they were known as the Discalced (or Barefoot) Carmelites
Joined by John of the Cross, friend and collaborator, to result in male branch of Discalced Carmelites.
Only woman in church history to found monastic orders for both men and women
Pope Paul VI added her name to list of “Doctors of the Church”
74
Tridentine (post-Trent) Catholicism: be able to characterize the Catholic church before vs. after Trent
A tight ship: “(more) uniformity than had ever existed in the western church” (Noll 212)
This will be of polemical use against Protestantism for next 400 years
“This was not exactly the same as the medieval church against which Luther protested, for it bore the marks of a reaction against Protestantism. . . [which also rejected elements that] did have deep roots in Christian tradition.” (Gonz 149)
Promoted study of Aquinas
75
Vasco da Gama
Sailed along east coast of Africa, crossed Indian ocean, returned to Europe with proof that it was possible to circumvent the Muslims and establish direct commercial links with India.
76
Beggars of the Sea:
They essentially started out as pirates but they soon became an organized navy that opposed Philip II. They captured the city of Brill, and also rode in the on the water that flooded Leiden (see Gonz. 120-2). [w.a.]
77
Christian II and the Massacre of Stockholm:
Christian II was king of Scandinavia. The Massacre of Stockholm “took place as the result of a successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces under the command of King Christian II. The bloodbath itself was a series of events taking place between November 7 and November 9 in 1520, climaxing on the 8th, when around 80-90 people (mostly nobility and clergy supporting the Sture party) were executed, despite a promise by King Christian for general amnesty” (wiki).
78
Consistory:
Calvin’s reformation of the church in Geneva in which there were 12 elders and pastors in charge of the church.
79
Cuis regio, eius religio:
Latin for “Whose region, his religion”; it meant that the ruler of a territory had the right to determine the religion of his realm (i.e. a Catholic prince would declare his kingdom Catholic). This concept of territorial tolerance was introduced by Charles V in the Peace of Augsburg. [w.a.]
80
Duke of Alba
The duke of Alba was appointed by Philip II to put down the Protestant rebellions in the Low Countries. He set the “Council of Blood” which was a court system that was “not bound by any legal requirements” (Gonz. 120), condemned Protestants as heretics, and condemned certain Catholics for being too passive towards Protestantism. “Alba’s vengeance was terrible. His armies took city after city, and repeatedly broke the term of surrender. Prisoners were for no other reason than revenge” (Gonz. 121). [w.a.]
81
Ecclesiastical Ordinances:
Calvin’s writings which placed ecclesiastical power into the hands of the Consistory.
82
Gustavus Vasa:
He had been kidnapped by king Christian II. He escaped, and after he heard about the Massacre of Stockholm (some of his family was killed in the massacre), he returned, “proclaimed a national rebellion, and took up arms with a disorganized band of followers from among the common people” (Gonz. 112). In 1523, he entered Stockholm as a victorious king. Once Gustavus was in power, he was careful to punish the bishops who were rebellious leaders, but he pardoned there followers and said that the followers had been misguided. [w.a.]
83
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Written by John Calvin originally to his fellow Frenchmen. He wrote it in order to equip new ministers of the Word and for the edification of believers. “It is intended as an introduction and guide to the study of Scripture and the complement his commentaries” (Lane, 20). First published in 1536 and dedicated to King Francis I “as a confession of faith and as an apology for the French Protestants” (Lane, 19); last edition published in 1559.
84
League of Nuremberg:
Catholic league founded in 1539; Charles V was preoccupied with other conflicts, so he encouraged “the Catholic princes to form an alliance to rival the League of Schmalkalden” (Gonz. 106).
85
Martin Bucer:
was a Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices.
86
Michael Servetus
A Spaniard physician who held to a heretical view of the Trinity. He was wanted by both the Catholics and Protestants. Calvin drew up accusations against Servetus, but wanted him to repent. when he didn’t repent, Calvin wanted him to have a more humane execution.
87
Pacification of Ghent:
was an alliance of the provinces of the Hapsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces Holland and Zeeland.
88
Peace of Passau:
In August 1552, weary from three decades of religious civil war, Charles guaranteed Lutheran religious freedoms in the Peace of Passau.[wiki]
89
Peace of Augsburg:
In 1555, Charles V issued this edict which recognized Lutheranism, and instituted Cuis regio, eius religio: “Whose region, his religion.” [w.a.]
90
Philip of Hesse:
was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation and one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany
91
Schmalkaldic Wars:
1547-1559 The first “Wars of Religion”
92
Seventeen Provinces:
within the Low Countries, the Seventeen Provinces consisted of what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg.[w.a.]
93
Siege of Leiden:
occurred during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War, when the Spanish under Francisco de Valdez attempted to capture the rebellious city of Leiden. In the end the siege failed when the city was successfully relieved.
Dikes were also broken to flood the city, and the Beggars of the Sea sailed in on the flood.
94
Theodore Beza:
was a French Protestant Christian theologian and scholar who played an important role in the Reformation. A member of the monarchomaque movement who opposed absolute monarchy, he was a disciple of John Calvin and lived most of his life in Switzerland.
95
Willam Farel
as a French evangelist, and a founder of the Reformed Church in the cantons of Neuchâtel, Berne, Geneva, and Vaud in Switzerland. He is most often remembered for having persuaded John Calvin to remain in Geneva in 1536, and for persuading him to return there in 1541, after their expulsion.
96
William of Orange:
“Led the rebellion of the Seventeen Provinces” (Gonz. 118). Also known as William “the Silent” (or “the Shy”), he was part of Philip II’s Council of State. When Philip ordered all Protestants be executed who didn’t abide by the Council of Trent, they rebelled. These rebels were known as the Beggars. William grew suspicious of Philip, and withdrew from the Council of State to Germany. Soon after, Philip gave the duke of Alba permission to invade the Low Countries (and the Seventeen Provinces) in order to put down the Beggar rebellion. William gathered troops from Germany and aided the Low Countries in their rebellion. At the Siege of Leiden, it was William who suggested opening the dikes and flooding the city (see Gonz.117-123). [w.a.]
97
Common objections to Protestantism as seen in the Prefatory Address to King Francis I
*Novelty
- It is not new. It is in alignment with the Scriptures and the early church fathers. The church is to be blamed for going astray. The faith was recovered.
*Uncertainty
- The Reformers’ assurance “fears neither the terrors of death nor even God’s judgment seat” (16).
*Lack of Miracles
- Miracles may actually be a delusion from Satan.
•Rejection of the Early Church Fathers
- In fact, the Reformers are closer to the church fathers than the Roman Catholics are.
*Rejection of Custom
- Custom cannot be dictated to “by long standing custom” (23).
*Schism
- The true church has been sustained throughout the centuries, for is both a visible and invisible church. The true church may be seen by true marks: the sacraments and the preaching of the word. Yet “no true form of the church remained” (25). But there were always scattered and hidden children of God.
*Sedition (i. e. rebellion or incitement)
- The Anabaptists in Münster, in fact, were the seditious ones. The apostles faced similar accusations.
98
Creation as “theater of God”
“[W]herever you cast your eyes, there is no spot in the universe wherein you cannot discern at least some sparks of his glory. You cannot in one glance survey this most vast and beautiful system of the universe, in its wide expanse, without being completely overwhelmed by the boundless force of its brightness. . . . [The] skillful ordering of the universe is for us a sort of mirror in which we can contemplate God, who is otherwise invisible.” (52-53)
99
Double grace:
“essentially it is the double imputation: exported sin, imputed righteousness” (wikinote).
100
Knowledge of God and knowledge of self
“[N]o one can look upon himself without immediately turning his thoughts to the contemplation of God, in whom he “lives and moves” . . . . [F]or our very being is nothing but subsistence in the one God. . . . [T]he knowledge of ourselves not only arouses us to seek God, but also, as it were, leads us by the hand to find him.” (35, 37)
101
Marks of the true church
1) The preaching of the Word
| 2) The administering of the sacraments (communion, baptism; 24)
102
Mortification and vivification:
“Mortification – the killing of old sin/self; Vivification – the birth of the new man.”
103
Describe each side of the Sadoleto/Calvin correspondence, identifying the main points and rhetorical approach of each writer.
o “Here two important points stand out: (1) the question of the Church and its authority and (2) the doctrine of justification by faith alone” (19).
o Sadoleto: “Sadoleto’s letter essentially is a defense of the age-old Church against those who would overturn its authority and alter its practices and beliefs. His argument rests on the premise that the Catholic Church is the Church of Christ, ‘always and everywhere directed by the one Spirit of Christ,’ erring not, ‘since the Holy Spirit constantly guides her public and universal decrees and Councils.’ Through her faith and worship, he maintains, men are saved, submitting in humility and obedience to what she enjoins. Twice he poses the key issue in the most explicit terms: ‘whether to accord with the whole Church, and faithfully observe her decrees, and laws, and sacraments, or to assent to men seeking dissension and novelty?’ And in his conclusion he castigates those who would ‘tear the spouse of Christ in pieces’ and begs the Genevans to return to the unity of faith” (19-20).
o Calvin: “Calvin’s reply is lengthier and more diffuse than Sadoleto’s appeal, but in essence it rejects this image of the Church – this Catholic concept of the enduring Church of Christ, erring not – in the name of fidelity to the ancient Church and to its touchstone, the Word of God. That Church which Sadoleto exalts Calvin conceives to be corrupt, separated from the Word, ‘mangled and almost destroyed by the Roman Pontiff and his faction.’ He accuses Sadoleto of separating the Holy Spirit form the Word, of not recognizing ‘that the Spirit goes before the Church, to enlighten her in understanding the Word, while the Word itself is like the Lydian stone, by which she tests all doctrines,’ and he claims that the reformers seek only to restore ‘that ancient form of the Church,’ faithful to the scriptural Word. ‘Ours the Church,’ he affirms, ‘whose supreme care it is humbly and religiously to venerate the Word of God, and submit to its authority’” (20). [w.a.]
104
Extra Calvinisticum:
a theological terminus technicus given by Lutheran scholastic theologians around 1620 to a Calvinistic Christology, which claimed that the Logos was also outside (literal meaning of the Latin extra) or beyond the physical body of Christ.[1][2] This theological distinction is in contrast to scholastic Lutheran Christology.[3] In the theology of Martin Luther Jesus Christ is omnipresent, not only his divine nature but also his human nature, this is because the two natures cannot be separated from one another, but interpenetrate one another (communicatio idiomatum).[4] The Reformed, on the other hand, argued that "the Word is fully united to but never totally contained within the human nature and, therefore, even in the incarnation is to be conceived of as beyond or outside of (extra) the human nature."[5]
For this reason, the Reformed argue that Christ cannot be present corporeally (bodily) in the Lord's supper, because he reigns bodily from heaven.
105
Four rules of prayer
The first rule is a heartfelt sense of reverence.
The second rule is a heartfelt sense of need and repentance.
The third rule is a heartfelt sense of humility and trust in God.
The final rule is to have a heartfelt sense of confident hope.
106
Order of the Institutes (know the subjects of each book as well as the possible influence of the
Apostle’s Creed on their presentation)
```
Structure
Book 1: God as Creator
Book 2: God as Redeemer
Book 3: Individuals Receiving Grace
Faith
Justification
Book 4: External Means of Grace
Sacraments
```
107
Faith as “firm and certain”
“Now we shall possess a right definition of faith if we call it a firm and certain knowledge of God’s benevolence toward us, founded upon the truth of the freely given promise in Christ, both revealed to our minds and sealed upon our hearts through the Holy Spirit.” (3.2.7, pg. 551)
108
Pre-modern theological method (catechism, “common places,” meditation on Scripture), relationship
between the Institutes and Calvin’s commentaries
How the pre-modern Christian world studied (this was the order students would study in):
1. Catechism
2. “Commonplaces” (the same content [e.g. Trinity] yet deeper)
3. Meditation on Scripture (the pinnacle)
Institutes function as “Commonplaces” (following after Philip Melanchthon)
His Commentaries function as Meditation on Scripture (the pinnacle for Calvin)
Calvin’s commentaries are linked from his Institutes; the Institutes are meant to be read with his commentaries.
109
Purpose of the Institutes
It was written by John Calvin originally to his fellow Frenchmen. He wrote it in order to equip new ministers of the Word and for the edification of believers. “It is intended as an introduction and guide to the study of Scripture and the complement his commentaries” (Lane, 20). First published in 1536 and dedicated to King Francis I “as a confession of faith and as an apology for the French Protestants” (Lane, 19); last edition published in 1559.
