Exam 2 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Lincoln Steffans
A
Journalist writes about city corruption
1909 publishes the shame of the cities
2
Q
Hazen Pingree
A
Mayor of Detroit
begin doing gas and water socialism - cities take over these
Mayors looking to change this and seek control from Bosses
He won public approval for a citizen-owned electric light plant and became a national spokesman for municipal ownership and public regulation of utilities and street railways.
3
Q
Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones
A
Progressive Era Mayor of Toledo, Ohio 1897 - 1904
Ethic of Reciprocity
4
Q
Granger Laws
A
1870s regulated the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops.
5
Q
Munn v. Illinois (1876)
A
The state is controlling what he can do with private property.
The state says if it deals with the public interest, the state has the right to regulate.
(grain elevator)
6
Q
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
A
(Railroads)
states have the right to regulate railroads but this fails the supreme court bc a state can’t regulate a company that crosses a state line
7
Q
Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)
A
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be “reasonable and just,” but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.
8
Q
Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
A
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 is a United States antitrust law that regulates competition among enterprises, which was passed by Congress under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. It is named for Sen. John Sherman, its principal author.
9
Q
1920 census
A
% of Americans lived in urban areas (comparable to a small town today). Turns America into a small society and impacts consumer culture (buying needs, not making them).
10
Q
Fredrick Windslow Taylor
A
Evaluated work scientifically to eliminate unions-workers “decide” how much they work, encouraged efficiency in workers job’s. If quota is met=paid, if quota overdone= bonus
11
Q
Henry Ford
A
assembly line, encouraged efficiency, efficiency increases price decreases
12
Q
Scientific management
A
Fredrick Windslow Taylor-eliminate unions
Henry Ford- assembly line increases efficiency, lower prices
1920’s started off with everything electric/solar powered, government banned so gas companies could make money.
13
Q
5$ Day
A
Henry Ford increased wages so he made more profit off of car sales.
14
Q
Purchasing Power
A
Sellers convinced consumers they needed something, rather than just wanting it
15
Q
New Middle class
A
consumer oriented economy and mass entertainment, brought about new hairstyles, gender roles and dress.
16
Q
Advertising the American Dream
A
They advertised random objects mainly to women (house-shoppers) to promote keeping their husbands and kids happy
17
Q
Welfare Capitalism
A
Americans getting involved with credit, debt used to be feared now businesses provide welfare services to their employees.
18
Q
3rd Industrial Revolution
A
brought electricity and the assembly line- toasters, washing machine, vacuum- consumer based economy
19
Q
Rural Counterattack
A
attack on countryside by citywide
20
Q
Red Summer of 1919
A
Red Summer was a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas.
21
Q
New Woman
A
New material, shorter hair and less clothing emerged.
22
Q
New Negro
A
Americans began trying to hide their children from jazz/rock music because it is traditionally black.
23
Q
“return to normalcy”
A
still change emerging economically, socially, and politically
24
Q
Immigration Acts (1921-1924)
A
Immigrants considered “feeble minded” for wanting education for their kids, restricted immigration 1924- Series of laws that are passed to restrict access to the US
1921- Lawmakers looked at the census in 1900 and made quotas of people from different countries and races, but in 1900 there was still too much culture and diversity so the racist lawmakers thought “LeTs gO bAcK tO 1890!!” And made the quotas even smaller
southern/Eastern Europe rather than immigrants from northern/Western Europeans because Americans feared them.
25
The Fundamentals (1911)
Those that wrote books about religion- claimed modern world trampled past traditions, Fundamentals saved the work of reading the bible - told you what passages of the bible mattered and what they meant
Notions of christianity are evolving and changing
Don’t worry about purging yourself of sin - christ already took care of it (complete opposite of social gospel from earlier)
For folks like KKK, job is to protect and preserve 100% american family values aka no immigrants/non-white folks
26
Scopes case (1925)
The Scopes “monkey trial” was the moniker journalist H. L. Mencken applied to the 1925 prosecution of a criminal action brought by the state of Tennessee against high school teacher John T. Scopes for violating the state's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.
27
KKK
sexual identity lynching emerged
28
Jim Crow
Entertainer who performed in black face and stereotyped black people, institutionalized by the south.
29
Moses "Fleetwood" Walker
played baseball before it was a segregated sport
30
Kennesaw "mountain" Lands
New baseball commissioner who made the sport whites only, also colored leagues created.
31
Tulsa (1921)
Two day long race massacre by white supremacists, Blocks were burned and killed while purging non-whites.
32
Rosewood (1923)
viscous and violent assault, whites rampaged and killed anyone (children, woman, anyone.)
33
Richard Wright
Author who wrote books related to the plight of African Americans during the late 19th to mid 20th centuries suffering discrimination and violence
34
Al Jolson
highest paid star, jazz performer
35
The Dyer Bill
Anti-lynching bill
36
The Scottsboro Boys (1934)
The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American male teenagers accused in Alabama of raping two white women in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial.
37
Nixon V. Herndon (1927)
Grovey V. Townsend (1935)
Smith V. Allwright (1944)
Supreme Ct says an all white primary is unconstitutional, TX still does nothing to change.
TX still makes no changes
Supreme Ct states again all white primaries are unconstitutional.
Jim Crow wanted "traditional white families" instituted this with separation for power.
38
Dawes Act (1922)
Lent money to Europe to rebuild economies and pay back US banks, instead of them just giving money to US so ppl wouldnt think American banks arent doing well.
39
Dr. Spock
phenomenon for mothers, he wrote books on how to raise kids while never having raised any
40
Great Bull Market
rapid economic growth, rising asset prices, and increased consumer spending.
41
Black Tuesday
the stock market plummeted and the U.S. plunged into the Great Depression. Widespread bank failures, wiped investors out financially.
42
"sick" industries
one that had existed for at least five years and had incurred accumulated losses equal to or exceeding its entire net worth at the end of any financial year.
43
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act increased U.S. tariffs on agricultural imports and more than 20,000 imported goods. The tariffs imposed were the second-highest in American history. The goal was to protect American farmers who were most affected by the Great Depression.
44
soup kitchens, bread lines, and Hoovervilles
soup kitchens and bread lines: methods of feeding the neediest people in America, the only food some unemployed Americans had.
Hoovervilles: shack towns and homeless encampments
45
RFC (1932)
reconstruction financial corporation: It lent money to the banks, instead of banks lending it out to people they kept it and went bankrupt, Hoover did this to keep banks from crashing
46
Bonus Army (1932)
a bonus was set for soldiers in the military, Hoover ends up wiping this out and sending in troops to quell the homeless veteren protests
47
Election of 1932
FDR beat Hoover by a landslide by majority vote, first time a democrat has in 80 years, middle class and minorities all voted for democrat because of hoovers dismissal of the gr8 depression
48
EBA
Emergency banking act, eight day bank holiday bill passed in the midst of the Great Depression that took steps to stabilize and restore confidence in the U.S. banking system. It came in the wake of a series of bank runs following the stock market crash of 1929.
49
FERA
federal emergency relief administration, a grant-making agency authorized to distribute federal aid to the states for relief
50
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), established by Congress on March 31, 1933, provided jobs for young, unemployed men during the Great Depression
51
NRA
National Recovery Administration (NRA) by president (FDR) in 1933. The goal of the administration was to eliminate "cut throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.
52
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), in U.S. history, major New Deal program, Fed gov paid farmers NOT to grow certain crops to balance markets
53
Dust Bowl
Economic depression coupled with extended drought, unusually high temperatures, poor agricultural practices and the resulting wind erosion
54
Angry Voices
American attitude in 1930s: traditionalism and of modernist experimentation; of sentimentality and "hard-boiled" toughness; of longings for a simpler past and fantastic dreams of the future.
55
SSI
Social Security Act, created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement
56
Wagner Act (NLRA)
making clear that it is the policy of the United States to encourage collective bargaining by protecting workers' full freedom of association.
57
WPA
Employed everyone, FDR's work-relief program employed more than 8.5 million people.
58
Election of 1936
Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt trounced Governor Alf Landon of Kansas in a landslide
59
Eleanor Roosevelt
a high profile supporter of the Civil Rights Movement, of equal rights for women, and of social reforms to uplift the poor. In addition, Roosevelt helped found the United Nations, the United Nations Association, and the Freedom House.
60
Roosevelt Recession
FDR cancelled the WPA in fear of debt, created a recession from the all time high earned
61
Good neighbor
President FDR took office determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Under his leadership the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere.
62
NYE committee
held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war, Investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I.
63
Munich (1938)
Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France sign the Munich agreement, by which Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defenses (the so-called Sudeten region) to Nazi Germany. German troops occupy these regions between October 1 and 10, 1938.
64
Katyn Forest (1940)
the NKVD murdered about 22,000 Polish prisoners of war and inmates from prisons in Western Belarus and Western Ukraine.
65
Atlantic Charter (1941)
a declaration issued by the United States and Britain, in which they stated to seeking no territorial gain in the war, respecting the principles of free trade among nations and the right for people to choose their governments.
66
Lend Lease (1940)
The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers.
67
December 7 1941 (Pearl Harbor)
An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941
68
Four Freedoms
FDR spoke about a future with freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
69
El Alamein (1942)
World War II battle in which the Britain, under General Bernard Montgomery, won a decisive victory over Germany and the Afrika Korps, under Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox), in Egypt, securing the Suez Canal.
70
Casablanca (1943)
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston S. Churchill met at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca in French Morocco for a ten day conference to plan the next stages of the war against the Axis.
71
Tehran (1943)
Tehran Conference was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from November 28 to December 1, 1943, resulting in the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany
72
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Allied forces launched the largest amphibious invasion in the history of warfare. Codenamed Operation 'Overlord', the Allied landings on the beaches of Normandy marked the start of a long and costly campaign to liberate north-west Europe from Nazi occupation.
73
Yalta (1945)
Conference of the big three to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe, became controversial
74
Great Terror
a brutal political campaign led by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin to eliminate dissenting members of the Communist Party and anyone else he considered a threat.
75
HUAC (1938)
HUAC was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and rebel activities on the part of private citizens, public employees and organizations suspected of having Communist ties.
76
Rosie The Riveter
an iconic poster of a female factory worker flexing her muscle, exhorting other women to join the World War II effort with the declaration that "We Can Do It!"
77
Manzanar
historical site to give remembrance to the Japanese American incarceration
78
Arbeit Macht Frei (1934)
"work makes you free"
79
Einsatzgruppen
mobile nazi killing groups that would mass murder jewish people
80
Wansee conference
leads to the holocaust and the genocide of 6 million Jews
81
Midway (1942)
Battle of Midway. U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.
82
Einstein and FDR
Einstein warned FDR that the nazis were undergoing the formation of the atomic bomb.
83
Potsdam
The July 1945 conference in which American officials convinced the Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin to accept German reparations only from the Soviet zone, or far eastern part of Germany. The agreement paved the way for the division of Germany into East and West.
84
Trinity (1945)
The success meant the atomic bomb could be used by America
85
Henry Stimson
FDR's Secretary of war
86
Hiroshima
On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world's first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion immediately killed an estimated 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure.
87
Nagasaki
Port almost completely destroyed by second atomic bomb onto Japan by the US
88
Second Front
The opening of hostilities by US and UK forces on the mainland of Europe in World War II, when the Allies returned to confront the Germans after the fall of France.
89
United Nations
established after World War II in an attempt to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation among nations on economic, social, and humanitarian problems. Its forerunner was the League of Nations, an organization conceived under similar circumstances following World War I.
90
Iron Curtain
the imaginary line dividing Europe between Soviet influence and Western influence
91
George Kennan
a career Foreign Service Officer, formulated the policy of “containment,” the basic United States strategy for fighting the cold war (1947–1989) with the Soviet Union.
92
Truman Doctrine
President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
93
Marshall Plan
intended to aid European countries that had been destroyed as a result of the war, and it was laid out by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall during an address at Harvard University in 1947.
94
Berlin Airlift 1948
Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-controlled areas of Berlin. The United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany.
95
Election of 1948
Truman won with 303 electoral votes, everyone shocked because they thought Dewey would win.
96
NATO
a security alliance of 30 countries from North America and Europe. NATO's fundamental goal is to safeguard the Allies' freedom and security by political and military means.
97
NSC-68
Top secret policy document produced by the United States National Security Council in 1950, saw the essential elements of a “free society” as those that protected individual rights and freedoms, fostered economic prosperity, and promoted democratic governance.
98
Korea (1950-4)
The Korean War started on 25 June 1950 and ended on 27 July 1953, after the signing of an armistice agreeing that the country would remain divided.
99
Hollywood 10
a group of 10 film industry members that refused to testify to an anti-communist committee hearing during the Second Red Scare era.
100
Roy Cohn
Red scare, interrogated alleged communists
101
Alger Hiss
an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The statute of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.
102
Joseph McCarthy
Joseph McCarthy claimed that he had identified "205 card-carrying" members of the Communist party working within the U.S. State Department.
103
The Rosenbergs
Members of the communist party, the Rosenbergs were convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union in 1945.
104
Fuchs and Hall
Spy for the soviets on the Manhattan project, gave information from America, Great Britain, France
105
Eniwetok
a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought 17-23 February 1944 on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The invasion of Eniwetok followed the American success in the Battle of Kwajalein to the southeast.
106
Gulag Archipelago
an acronym for the Russian initials of the Main Directorate of Camps. The camps were like an archipelago of islands, scattered in the vast ocean of Soviet territory, many in the harsh climate of the Siberian wilderness.
107
Sputnik
the Soviet Union launched the earth's first artificial satellite, Sputnik-1.
108
Werner Von Braun
one of the most important rocket developers and champions of space exploration in the twentieth century.
109
GI bill
provided World War II veterans with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing
110
Levittown
he first mass-produced housing development and set a standard for planned subdivisions for decades to come.
111
Baby boom
often used to refer specifically to the post–World War II (1946–1964) baby boom in the United States and Europe.
112
feminine mystique (1962)
coined by Friedan to describe the assumptions that women would be fulfilled from their housework, marriage, sexual lives, and children.
113
Silent Spring (1962)
documented the environmental harm caused by the indiscriminate use of a type of pesticide used by soldiers during WW2. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting the industry's marketing claims unquestioningly.
114
unsafe at any speed
exposed potential driving dangers with American cars and shed light on the auto manufacturers' resistance to improving safety.
115
smith v. Allwright
It overturned the Texas state law that authorized parties to set their internal rules, including the use of white primaries.
116
Arsenal for democracy
the President implored Americans to stand up as the "arsenal of democracy" as though it was their own country at war.
117
Jackie Robinson
the first African American to play Major League Baseball in the United States during the 20th century. Opened the door for more black people to get jobs.
118
Sweatt v. Painter
a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson at UT Austin.
119
Brown v Board of education
separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional (plessy v Ferguson), separate but equal means unequal by Earl Warren
120
Emmett Till
A 14 year-old African- American boy whose murder was the Catalyst for the civil rights movement in 1955.
121
Montgomery 1956
Rosa Parks initiation: African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating,
122
Little Rock nine
A group of 9 courageous African american students that dared to challenge racial segregation by enrolling in a all white Centeal High School in 1957.
123
Albany
A series of local boycotts, rallies and protest meetings to protest the arrests of the Freedom Riders in Albany (Georgia) in Dec 1961 - 1962.
