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Archaeology > EXAM #2 > Flashcards

EXAM #2 Flashcards

(CH5-8)

1
Q

Societies are typically classified into what four main groups?

A
  • Mobile Hunter-gatherers
  • Segmentary societies
  • Chiefdoms
  • Early States
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2
Q

social organization

A

How people organize themselves and their relationship in a social group

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3
Q

Achieved Status

A

earned or acquired based on an individual’s actions, accomplishments, skills, or efforts within the society.

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4
Q

Achieved Status characteristics

A
  • Often dynamic and can change over time based on a person’s experiences, accomplishments, and social mobility within the society.
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5
Q

Ascribed Status

A

Assigned to individuals at birth or based on characteristics such as family background, ethnicity, gender, or caste, over which they have little or no control.

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6
Q

Ascribed Status Characteristics:

A

more static and less influenced by individual actions or achievements

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7
Q

Ranked Society

A
  • Social hierarchy where individuals or groups hold different levels of prestige, authority, and access to resources.
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8
Q

Ranked Society (characteristics)
They often have a

A

central leader or ruling elite – highest status and authority.

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9
Q

Ranked Society (characteristics)
The ranking of individuals/groups is based on criteria such as

A
  • Lineage, wealth, achievements, or religious roles
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10
Q

Egalitarian Society

A

prioritize social equality and minimize hierarchical distinctions among their members.

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11
Q

Egalitarian Society characteristics

A
  • Have equal access to important resources & opportunities
    ***- Leadership roles - based on consensus, reciprocity, temporary
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12
Q

Gender roles

A

different participation of genders in various activities

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13
Q

Gender ideologies

A

culturally specific meaning assigned to genders and reproduction

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14
Q

Androcentric

A

perspective that focuses on men

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15
Q

Why is the analysis of burials important to the study of segmentary societies

A

The analysis of burials in segmentary societies is important because it helps understand their social organization, hierarchy, leadership, community identity, economic and social relations, and changes over time

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16
Q

How can the ethnoarchaeology of modern societies inform us about the past

A

Studying modern societies through ethnoarchaeology can inform us about the past by providing insights into how ancient cultures may have lived, organized their societies, used tools and materials, practiced rituals, and interacted with their environment.

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17
Q

Matrilineal (matrilocal)

A

Mother’s line

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18
Q

Patrilineal (patrilocal)

A

Father’s Line

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19
Q

Kinship

A

socially recognized network of relationship based on descent and marriage

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20
Q

Bilateral descent

A

mother and father sides are equally valued

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21
Q

Unilineal descent

A

one side is valued over the other

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22
Q

Ways archaeologist reconstruct ancient environments

A
  • Geomorphological Analysis
  • zooarchaeological Analysis
  • palynology
    -dendrochronology
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23
Q

Geomorphology

A

Studying landforms & landform evolution

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24
Q

Clan

A

a set of two or more linages that claim to share a fictive ancestry (blood)

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25
Q

moiety

A

a social group or division within a society, often split into two parts, each with its own roles and relationships.
-Simplified: kinship. Related but not by biological means

26
Q

faunal remains/analysis

A

studying what remains of animals; anything that was once a part of an animal (skins, bones, teeth, feathers, baleen, soft tissue

27
Q

Steps to faunal analysis (archaeological context)

A

1) identify the element that has been recovered
2)Trying to identify what kind of animal, or taxon, it belongs to.
3) Identify sex, age, and class size

28
Q

Element

A

refers to anatomical part of the body (e.g. femur, cranium)

29
Q

Taxon

A

Biological classification system; refers to a group of organisms classified together based on shared characteristics, such as species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, or kingdom in biological classification systems.

30
Q

zooarchaeology

A

study of animal remains from archaeological sites

31
Q

bioarchaeology

A

The study of human remains(skeletal/mortuary)

32
Q

molecular archaeology

A

a field of study that uses molecular techniques, such as DNA analysis, stable isotope analysis, protein analysis, and lipid analysis, to study ancient materials and artifacts.

33
Q

palynology

A

Study of pollen grains

34
Q

phytoliths

A

plant stones, microscopic plant opals
- tells more about the local environment than polin does

35
Q

paleopathology

A

the study of ancient diseases and disorders by examining skeletal remains and other archaeological evidence.

36
Q

Different ways diet is studied

A

-bones/plant remains
-isotope
-human skeleton
=baby teeth ‘deciduous”; tooth eruption, losing of baby teeth
-getting enough nutrition
-copper-lights: looking thru a mummified guts

37
Q

Lithic analysis

A

the study of stone tools

38
Q

stages of reduction (lithic analysis)

A
  • Primary reduction
  • Secondary reduction
  • Tertiary reduction
39
Q

Primary reduction

A

early stage of reduction
- large flakes
-removal of outer surface of a rock

40
Q

Secondary Reduction

A
  • shaping the artifact
    =>striking the core w a hammerstone in a more careful, controlled manner
  • Def: smaller flakes w less or no cortex are removed
41
Q

Tertiary reduction

A

Finishing form
Involves pressure flaking: controlled removal of smaller flakes by using applied pressure on the edge of lithic object…

42
Q

lithics

A

any and all stone tools

43
Q

archaeometallurgy

A
  • the study of ancient metalworking technologies and processes used by past societies.
  • It involves analyzing metal artifacts, metallurgical residues, smelting furnaces, and other archaeological evidence to understand how metals were mined, extracted, alloyed, and shaped in different cultural contexts throughout history.
44
Q

pyrotechnology

A

refers to the use and manipulation of fire by humans for various purposes, such as cooking, heating, making tools, crafting ceramics, and producing metals.

45
Q

Two-spirit

A

term used by some Indigenous cultures in North America for people who have both masculine and feminine qualities, representing a range of gender identities beyond male and female.

46
Q

Epigraphy

A

The study of ancient writings + inscriptions carved on materials like stone or metal, helping us learn about past cultures, languages, and history.

47
Q

Cosmology

A

The study of the origin, large-scale structure and future of the universe.

48
Q

Religion

A

a set of beliefs about one’s relationship w the supernatural/spiritual being

49
Q

Biological sex, age - how its identified

A

Identifying bio sex:
- Mandible
- Skull
- Pelvis
Identifying age of death:
- Teeth
- Skull
- Femur

50
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA)

A

Contained in the mitochondria and is passed on ONLY by females.
- preserves a family record that is altered over the generations only by mutations.

51
Q

Debitage

A

refers to the waste material produced during the process of stone tool manufacturing

52
Q

Hunted vs scavenged

A

Hunted:
- Getting the best/most meat
-Cut marks
- weapon(arrow) lodge b/w bones
Scavenged
- Getting the less meat
- Cut marks

53
Q

Y-chromosome DNA

A

genetic material found on the Y chromosome, passed from fathers to sons, used to study male ancestry and genetic variations in populations.

54
Q

Nuclear DNA

A
  • the genetic material in the center of cells that carries instructions for traits and functions.
  • comes from both parents and is used in genetics, forensics, and biology to study genes and relationships.
55
Q

What can animal bones tell us outside of diet

A
  • about whether animals were domesticated
  • cause of death
    -ppl obtaining their food; hunting, fishing, and trade, as well as technological advancements and the use of animals in cultural practices.
  • provide insights into environmental
56
Q

Ossify

A
  • to turn to bone
57
Q

Isotopes and bones

A
  • Low nitrogen-15/carbon-13 values - diet - land animal
    -High nitrogen-15/carbon-13 values - diet - marine animals
58
Q

Faunal Analysis NISP/MNI (how to calculate)

A

1) Count the no. of identified specimens that were recovered from a site
- 3 leg bones were found (all the same bone), NISP=3
2) Assess the minimum # of individuals (MNI)
– 3 leg bones that each person has 2 of, MNI = 2 individual

59
Q

Source of raw material - importance

A

Mobility: How far they’re traveling;
Moving
Territorial domain
Directionality How much material each group has
- resource running out
Landscape Learning
- discovering what’s available in a new environment

60
Q

Hypoplasia

A

refers to underdevelopment or incomplete growth of a tissue or organ in the body.

Archaeology (2 decks)

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