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primary care > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the eye allows for sight?

A

Optic Nerve

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2
Q

What does light do in the eye that allows us to see

A

Refraction

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3
Q

Colored part of the eye

A

Iris

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4
Q

What does the first number mean on the Snellen Eye Chart

A

The first 20 in 20/20 vision is the testing distance so in this case is 20 feet.

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5
Q

What does the 2nd number mean on the Snellen Eye Chart?

A

The 2nd 20 in 20/20 vision relates to normal vision, so a normal person could see these words at 20 feet. If someone’s vision was 20/40, a person would need to come to 20 feet to see something that a normal person could see at 40 feet.

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6
Q

Constriction of the pupil

A

Miosis

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7
Q

Dilation of the pupil

A

Mydriasis

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8
Q

“Pink Eye”, inflammation of the membrane that lines the eyeball. Can be Bacterial or Viral. Very contagious.

A

Conjunctivitis

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9
Q

Treatment for Conjunctivitis

A

Antibacterial Eyedrops for bacterial infections only. Viral infections will clear up on their own

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10
Q

Blood/Fluid behind the eye. Usually comes with pressure increase because the fluid in the eye cannot be flushed out. Treatment includes corticosteroids.

A

Hyphema

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11
Q

Bleeding in the outside of the eye due to a blood vessel burst. Usually no treatment is needed and pt can continue with life as normal

A

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

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12
Q

Laceration of the cornea, incredibly painful as cornea is incredibly dense with nerve endings. Antibacterial eyedrops for treatment. Should clear up in a matter of days.

A

Corneal Abrasion

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13
Q

Break of the orbital bone, have pt look different directions to determine what muscles are affected as they are usually impacted by fracture.

A

Orbital Fracture

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14
Q

4th and 40 eye problems

A

Retinal tear and Proptosis

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15
Q

What does the gastrointestinal system do?

A

Responsible for consumption, digestion, and elimination
Provide nutrients, water, and electrolytes
Disorders here result in nutritional and metabolic imbalance
Often present as vague and nonspecific

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16
Q

Anatomy of smooth muscle in the gut

A

Most inner layer - Mucosa
Next layer - Submucosa
Muscle layer - Muscularis propia
Outer layer - Adventitia

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17
Q

Normal Physiology of the Stomach

A

Gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine released when food enters system. This activates the proton pump which sends H+ ions into stomach. These combine with chloride ions to make stomach acid (hydrochloric acid)

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18
Q

Food passing what 2 nerves initiates swallowing?

A

Trigeminal and Hypoglossal

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19
Q

Responsibilities of the liver

A

Synthesize glucose, albumin, cholesterol
Store glycogen, lipids, micronutrients
Detoxify blood
Produce bile
Convert FA to ketones

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20
Q

What does bile even do?

A

Emulsify fats and fat-soluble vitamins, extremely acidic, break down food, reabsorbed by the distal ileum

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21
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine - Enzymes, electrolytes, and water
Endocrine - Insulin and Glucagon

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22
Q

Site of most absorption

A

Duodenum

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23
Q

20 ft long and ends in cecum

A

Small intestine

24
Q

5 foot long and leads into the small intestine

A

Large intestine

25
Q

About how much of water and electrolytes does the colon absorb?

A

90%

26
Q

Condition where gastric HCI, bile, and pepsin enter the esophagus. Can be caused by increased distal pressure. More commonly in the elderly based on their lifestyle being more sedentary. Symptoms include heartburn, epigastric pain, dysphasia, nausea, and a dry cough

A

GERD

27
Q

Condition that occurs when the upper part of the stomach bulges through your diaphragm into the chest cavity

A

Hiatal hernia

28
Q

Treatment of GERD

A

Avoid triggers, meds, remove restrictive clothing, eat small meals, don’t lie down, limit obesity, limit stress, antacids

29
Q

What do Proton-Pump inhibitors do and why does that help GERD?

A

Inhibit acid secretion and with less acid, there is not as much acid made by the glands of the stomach lining. Since there is less made, it can’t enter your esophagus. Common brand is Prilosec (Omeprazole)

30
Q

What do H2 receptor antagonists do?

A

They block histamine receptors leading to no gastric acid release. Common brand is Zantac.

31
Q

Antiacids

A

Work fast but only last about an hour. Can lead to diarrhea. Some physical barriers replicate mucosal lining (Pepto)

32
Q

Erosion of stomach or duodenum, usually due to a H pylori infection or an imbalance between acid and mucus in the stomach.

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

33
Q

Difference between gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

A

Peptic Ulcer disease takes longer to heal

34
Q

Is it good for someone with acute gastroenteritis to take anantiemetic medication?

A

NO, let them get it all out of their system. Because it will just make it last longer

35
Q

Condition defined by less than 3 bowel movements per week or less than individual is used to. Affects 1/3 of people above 65 y/o.

A

Constipation

36
Q

Common tx for Constipation

A

Fiber - help increase bulk
Exercise - promotes movement and muscle tone
Hydration
Diet - Sugar, flour, red meat are triggers
Stool Softeners - Reduce surface tension
Osmotic laxatives - Creates water attracting environment

37
Q

How long does acute diarrhea normally last

A

1-3 days

38
Q

Small intestine absorbs about how much fluid per day

A

9 L

39
Q

Catch all diagnosis for altered digestion and diarrhea/constipation. No known cause and symptoms come and go

A

IBS

40
Q

Genetic immune disorder making it difficult to process wheat, barley, and rye. Cell destruction overwhelms villi causing flattening and malabsorption

A

Celiac Disease

41
Q

Viral or Bacterial disease that causes movement out of both ends due to the inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach

A

Gastroenteritis

42
Q

Condition described by multiple herniations of mucosa and submucosa of the intestine through the muscular wall. Asymptomatic normally and diet change with no seeds can be helpful.

A

Diverticulosis

43
Q

Condition described by inflammation of the diverticuli. Symptoms include severe abdominal cramping, constant pain in the LLQ, alternating constipation/diarrhea, fever, and rectal bleeding. Tx of high fiber diet, light exercise, and antibiotics.

A

Diverticulitis

44
Q

2 major MOI for Liver injury

A

Direct - Crush injury
Deceleration - cause laceration as it continues to move

45
Q

Referred pain for Liver injury

A

Right Shoulder or neck, RUQ pain

46
Q

Most frequently injured organ in blunt trauma/sports

A

Spleen

47
Q

Link between CNS and endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

48
Q

Hormones that are fat insoluble (normally end in -in or -ine). Do not enter cell

A

Amino Acid derivatives

49
Q

Hormones compromised of amino acids. If it binds to a cell-surface receptor, it does not enter the cell

A

Peptide hormone

50
Q

Hormones that enter the cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm

A

Steroid hormones

51
Q

What is normal blood sugar

A

Blood sugar 70-100

52
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Glucagon makes more glucose

53
Q

What happens if glucagon is high and insulin is low

A

Breakdown of glycogen

54
Q

What happens if glucagon is low and insulin is high

A

Storage of glucose in cells or liver

55
Q

What condition does someone have with low TSH levels but high T3 and T4 levels

A

Hyperthyroidism

56
Q

What condition does someone have with high TSH levels but low T3 and T4 levels

A

Hypothyroidism

57
Q

Steps in fluid regulation

A

Baroreceptors sense pressure in the arteries. If it is low pressure, they send signal to hypothalamus saying that the body needs water. This causes the release of AVP causing the reabsorption of water and increase in blood pressure.

primary care (2 decks)

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