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History 102: Western Civ > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Conservatism

A
  • Commitment to legitimacy and tradition; rights as privileges
  • Goal = Preserve the established order
  • Edmund Burke, Prince Klemens von Metternich
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2
Q

Liberalism

A
  • Government exists to promote political, social, and economic freedom
  • Goals = Establish and protect individual rights in written constitutions; extend franchise to all male property owners; promote free trade with other nations and resist government regulation of domestic economy
  • Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
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3
Q

Socialism

A
  • Problems arose from principles of competition and individualism at the heart of industrial capitalism; society could be both industrial and humane
  • Goal = Give community means of production (factories, machines, railroads, etc.), thereby reducing inequalities of income, wealth, and opportunity
  • Varieties: Utopian Socialism (Charles Fourier, Robert Owen), Socialism Through Power of State (Louis Blanc), Marxism (Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels)
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4
Q

Nationalism

A

-19th-century movement to unify a country who form a nation under one government based on perceptions of the population’s common history, customs, and social traditions –> nation-state

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5
Q

Karl Marx

A
  • 1818-1883
  • From German Jewish family
  • Father converted to Protestantism
  • Influenced by Hegel’s philosophy
  • Embraced radicalism and atheism
  • Studied philosophy at University of Berlin but became journalist
  • Exiled to Paris, then Brussels, then London
  • Key proponent of Marxist version of Socialism
  • Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
  • Capitalism as source of conflict
  • Social and economic forces (not ideas) create conflict
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6
Q

The Congress of Vienna

A
  • 1814-1815
  • Meeting of European powers prior to Napoleon’s final defeat
  • Russia (Alexander I = absolute monarch)
  • France (Charles Maurice de Tallyrand = foreign minister to Louis XVIII)
  • Austria (Klemens von Metternich = “architect of peace”)
  • Goals = the restoration of order and legitimate authority; the restoration of the balance of power (to prevent any one country from achieving military dominance on European continent)
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7
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A
  • 1815-1898
  • Prussian noble and defender of the monarchy
  • Opposed liberalism and nationalism as ideologies
  • Defied parliamentary opposition (dissolved Parliament over the levy of taxes)
  • Believed that some sort of union was inevitable and that Prussia ought to take the initiative (gained advantage over liberals by appealing to nationalists)
  • Victories: War against Denmark (1864; gained territory); Austro-Prussian War (1866; ended German Confederation); Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871; German states rallied to Prussia’s side; German empire proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in 1871)
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8
Q

Zionism

A
  • Political movement of the late 19th century
  • Divergent nationalism
  • The Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland
  • Rejection of assimilation
  • Theodor Herzl = Hungarian-born journalist working in Paris; dismayed by the rise of anti-Semitism in France; “The Jewish State,” 1896; First Zionist Congress in Switzerland in 1897)
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9
Q

Imperialism

A
  • The process by which one state imposes control over another’s land, resources, and population
  • Domination of a weaker country economically, politically, culturally, and/or militarily
  • Domination of the rest of the world by INDUSTRIALIZED countries
  • Dramatically different from the first period of imperialism/colonialism in speed, scope, and capacity
  • At the end of the 19th century, European nations, the U.S., and Japan set out to conquer the world
  • By 1914, 85% of the world’s regions were under imperial control
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10
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • Herbert Spencer and others applied the concept of “survival of the fittest” to human society
  • Idea of superiority that was one of the cultural/ideological factors leading to imperialist age
  • The application of the concept of individual competition and survival to relationships among classes, races, and nations
  • Survival of the fittest
  • Virtues of capitalism
  • Natural order of rich and poor
  • White superiority
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11
Q

Berlin Conference

A
  • Chaired by Otto von Bismarck
  • Britain, France, and Germany joined forces to settle the issue of African colonization
  • The Treaty of Berlin, 1884
  • The treaty established rules for a new phase of European expansion –> the Congo would be open to free trade and commerce
  • The Congo Free State is “free” in name only
  • The Congo is actually run by Leopold’s private company
  • The Congo became a Belgian colony in 1908
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12
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A
  • 1870-1914
  • Industrial change that involved major scientific and technical innovations (refining/mass-producing steel; chemical industry advances; electricity and oil as new power sources), greater complexity in industrial organization (control shifts to distant bankers and financiers; vertical integration; horizontal integration; incorporation of businesses; emergence of white-collar class), and shifts in marketing industrial goods (department stores; advertising)
  • Economic depression from 1873 to mid-1890s
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13
Q

Feminist movement

A
  • Mass politics
  • International movement during the second half of the 19th century that demanded broader political, legal, and economic rights for women
  • Middle-class women sought to obliterate ideology of separate spheres
  • Remove impediments faced by married women
  • Widen opportunities for female employment and higher education
  • Erase double standard of sexual conduct
  • Guarantee national women’s suffrage
  • Tactics: political campaigning, militancy, and civil disobedience
  • The “New Woman”
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14
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A
  • WWI (1914-1918)
  • The war spreads
  • Germany planned to invade France through Belgium and quickly reach Paris
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15
Q

Total war

A
  • Civilian life
  • Mobilization of society to achieve military victory
  • Home front tied to front line
  • Increased state control of all aspects of production and distribution
  • WWI
  • WWII: Demand for massive resources and a national commitment; war of production; centers of industry as military targets (strategic bombing)
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16
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Paris Peace Conference, January 1919
  • After end of WWI
  • Key figures: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
  • Goals: Wilson = The Fourteen Points (end to secret diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of international tariffs, self-determination, arms reduction, and League of Nations); Clemenceau = Punish Germany (demilitarization, reparations, and war guilt clause)
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17
Q

League of Nations

A
  • Its creation was a goal of Woodrow Wilson’s in his Fourteen Points
  • Paris Peace Conference, January 1919
  • Purpose: disarmament, collective security, disputes solved by negotiation and diplomacy
  • Weaknesses: no power to enforce decisions, U.S. did not join
18
Q

Bolsheviks

A
  • Leaders of the Russian Social Democratic Party split in 1903, resulting in the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks
  • “Members of the majority”
  • Called for immediate socialist revolution
  • Led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (LENIN)
  • “Peace, Land, and Bread, Now!”
  • October Revolution of 1917
  • Russian Civil War (1917-1920)
19
Q

Joseph Stalin

A
  • Iosep Jughashvili, 1879-1953
  • Son of a poor shoemaker
  • Bolshevik from the Caucasus nation of Georgia
  • Spent many years in Siberian exile
  • Important but not central figure during the Russian Revolution
  • Stalin took control of Bolshevik party when Lenin died in 1924
  • In control from 1924 to 1953
  • “Revolution from above”
  • Collectivization
  • The Five-Year Plans (1928-1932)
  • The Great Terror (1937-1938)
20
Q

Collectivization

A
  • 1927: Poor harvest and low prices led peasants to hoard grain
  • 1928: Stalin ordered local officials in the Urals and Siberian areas to begin requisitioning grain
    1929: Beginning of complete collectivization of agriculture –> Peasants forced to give up private farmlands and to join collective farms or state farms
  • Peasants resisted (between 1923 and 1933, 1600 large-scale rebellions; they would rather slaughter their own livestock than turn it over to the farms)
  • Temporary halt in 1930
  • Implemented more gradual process
  • By 1935, collectivization of agriculture complete in most areas
  • Attack on kulaks (well-to-do peasants; “tight-fisted ones”) –> 1929-1933: 1.5 million peasants uprooted, dispossessed of their property, and resettled
  • 1932-1933: Famine spread across southern region of Soviet Union –> Bolsheviks refused to send surplus grain; 3 to 5 million died
21
Q

Dawes Plan

A
  • 1924
  • Accepted by Britain, France, and Germany
  • Germany’s yearly reparations were reduced and depended on the level of German economic prosperity
  • Germany would receive loans from the U.S. to promote recovery
  • WWI shifted world’s economic center to U.S.
22
Q

Keynesian economics

A
  • Response to the Great Depression
  • John Maynard Keynes
  • In times of depression, the state should not reduce spending and endeavor to live within its budget, but instead should adopt a program of deficit spending to stimulate economic growth
23
Q

Fascism

A
  • From the Latin “fasces” = an ax surrounded by a bundle of sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state (sticks = power; ax = the right to exercise that power over the people; symbolic message = the people must serve their government)
  • Statism = the state incorporated every interest and every loyalty of its members
  • Nationalism = nationhood as the highest form of society, transcending the individuals who composed it
  • Militarism = war ennobled man; nations that did not expand would die
  • Rise of the Fascists:
  • Forcefully repressed radical movements; gained support of middle class and landowners; seemed to be a solution to the absence of leadership
  • September 1922: Mussolini began to negotiate for fascist participation in government
  • October 28: an army of 50,000 Black Shirts marched into Rome and occupied the capital
  • October 29: Victor Emmanuel III invited Mussolini to form a cabinet
24
Q

Benito Mussolini

A
  • 1883-1945
  • Son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher
  • Journalist and editor of the socialist daily “Avanti”
  • Tried to raise enthusiasm for WWI
  • Founded “Il Popolo d’Italia”
  • Organized groups called fasci to drum up support
  • Broke with socialists because they opposed the war
25
Q

Adolf Hitler

A
  • 1889-1945
  • Born in Austria
  • Son of a petty customs official in the Austrian civil service
  • Dropped out of school and went to Vienna to become an artist in 1909
  • Rejected by the academy and forced into a dismal existence
  • Elated when war broke out in 1914; enlisted in the German army
  • Joined the German Workers’ Party after the war
  • Nationalist Socialist Workers’ Party = one of the many small, militant groups of disaffected Germans; devoted to racial nationalism and to the overthrow of the Weimar Republic; Refused to accept defeat (believed Germany was “stabbed in the back” by socialists and Jews); German Workers’ Party changed its name to Nationalist Socialist Workers’ Party in 1920
26
Q

Nuremberg Decrees

A
  • 1935
  • Example of Nazi racism
  • Deprived Jews of their German citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans
27
Q

Appeasement

A
  • Policy of accommodating Hitler in order to maintain the balance of power and prevent another total war
  • Based on the assumption that fascist states were a bulwark against Soviet communism
  • Supported by British and American arguments that Germany had been mistreated at Versailles
  • Hitler wanted to restore German greatness and unify all ethnic Germans
  • 1933: Germany left the League of Nations
  • 1935: Beginning of German rearmament
  • 1936: Reoccupation of the Rhineland
  • 1938: Annexation of Austria
  • France and Britain did nothing, even though Hitler clearly violated the Versailles Treaty
28
Q

Blitzkrieg

A
  • “Lightning war”
  • A new kind of warfare prompted by the stalemate of the Western Front in WWI
  • An offensive military tactic making use of airplanes, tanks, and motorized infantry to punch through the enemy defenses and secure key territory
29
Q

Iron Curtain

A
  • 1946
  • Winston Churchill
  • Commencement speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri
  • The Soviet Union used diplomatic pressure, political infiltration, and military power to create “people’s republics” sympathetic to Moscow (USSR) –> “Iron Curtain”
30
Q

Truman Doctrine

A
  • 1947
  • The American Response to the Cold War / Eastern Bloc / Iron Curtain
  • President Harry Truman
  • Pledge to support the resistance of “free peoples” to communism
31
Q

Marshall Plan

A
  • 1947
  • The American Response to the Cold War / Eastern Bloc / Iron Curtain
  • Secretary of State George Marshall
  • Ambitious plan of economic aid to Europe ($13 billion over four years; encouraged industrial redevelopment)
  • Rejected by the Soviets –> Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
32
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A
  • April 1949
  • Founded by U.S., Canada, and the Western European states
  • Greece, Turkey, and West Germany later added as members
  • Agreed that an armed attack against any one of the NATO members would be regarded as an attack against all and would bring a united military response
33
Q

Warsaw Pact

A
  • 1955
  • Set up a joint command among states of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and East Germany
  • Guaranteed the continued presence of Soviet troops in those countries
34
Q

Decolonization

A
  • 1947-1960
  • Disintegration of the sprawling European Empires built during the 19th century
  • Different paths: European states cut their losses and withdrew; well-organized nationalist movements demanded independence; European powers drawn into violent struggles
  • Visions of decolonization: Gandhi = Indian nationalist who urged Indians to develop their own resources and withdraw from the imperial economy by means of nonviolence and passive resistance; Frantz Fanon = member of the Algerian revolutionary National Liberation Front, advocated meeting violence with violence, and believed that violence could be therapeutic
35
Q

Prague Spring

A
  • 1968
  • Emergence of a liberal communist government in Czechoslovakia; led by Alexander Dubcek; advocated “socialism with a human face”
  • Opening of debate within the party
  • Academic and artistic freedom
  • Less censorship
36
Q

Brezhnev Doctrine

A
  • 1968
  • Soviet response to the collapse of communism
  • No socialist state could adopt policies endangering the interests of international socialism
  • The Soviet Union could intervene in the domestic affairs of any Soviet bloc nation if communist rule was threatened
37
Q

Mikhail Gorbachev

A
  • Soviet reform
  • Mikhail Gorbachev appointed to party leadership in 1985
  • Openly voiced criticisms of the repressive aspects of communist society and called for reform
  • “Glasnost” = intellectual openness
  • ” Perestroika” = economic restructuring
  • Velvet Revolutions: Gorbachev announced that the Soviets would no longer enforce their will on rebellious populations
38
Q

Vaclav Havel

A
  • Velvet Revolutions, Czechoslovakia
  • Late 1988: demonstrations against Soviet domination
  • 1989: brutal beatings of student demonstrators by the police radicalized the nation’s workers
  • Civic Forum (an opposition coalition) called for: the installation of a coalition government to include non communists; free elections; and resignation of the country’s communist leadership
  • Mass demonstrations toppled the old regime
  • Havel (Civic Forum leader) elected president
39
Q

European Union

A
  • The European Economic Community became the EU in 1991
  • Integration of European political, economic, cultural, and military policies
  • French President Francois Mitterrand: “One currency, one culture, one social area, one environment”
  • In order to join, required commitment to capitalism and democratic politics
40
Q

Globalization

A
  • Global systems of production, distribution, and communication linked together peoples of the world
  • Accelerated by technological developments
  • Growing divide between wealthy “North” and impoverished “South”

History 102: Western Civ (1 decks)

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