Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Conservatism
A
- Commitment to legitimacy and tradition; rights as privileges
- Goal = Preserve the established order
- Edmund Burke, Prince Klemens von Metternich
2
Q
Liberalism
A
- Government exists to promote political, social, and economic freedom
- Goals = Establish and protect individual rights in written constitutions; extend franchise to all male property owners; promote free trade with other nations and resist government regulation of domestic economy
- Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
3
Q
Socialism
A
- Problems arose from principles of competition and individualism at the heart of industrial capitalism; society could be both industrial and humane
- Goal = Give community means of production (factories, machines, railroads, etc.), thereby reducing inequalities of income, wealth, and opportunity
- Varieties: Utopian Socialism (Charles Fourier, Robert Owen), Socialism Through Power of State (Louis Blanc), Marxism (Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels)
4
Q
Nationalism
A
-19th-century movement to unify a country who form a nation under one government based on perceptions of the population’s common history, customs, and social traditions –> nation-state
5
Q
Karl Marx
A
- 1818-1883
- From German Jewish family
- Father converted to Protestantism
- Influenced by Hegel’s philosophy
- Embraced radicalism and atheism
- Studied philosophy at University of Berlin but became journalist
- Exiled to Paris, then Brussels, then London
- Key proponent of Marxist version of Socialism
- Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
- Capitalism as source of conflict
- Social and economic forces (not ideas) create conflict
6
Q
The Congress of Vienna
A
- 1814-1815
- Meeting of European powers prior to Napoleon’s final defeat
- Russia (Alexander I = absolute monarch)
- France (Charles Maurice de Tallyrand = foreign minister to Louis XVIII)
- Austria (Klemens von Metternich = “architect of peace”)
- Goals = the restoration of order and legitimate authority; the restoration of the balance of power (to prevent any one country from achieving military dominance on European continent)
7
Q
Otto von Bismarck
A
- 1815-1898
- Prussian noble and defender of the monarchy
- Opposed liberalism and nationalism as ideologies
- Defied parliamentary opposition (dissolved Parliament over the levy of taxes)
- Believed that some sort of union was inevitable and that Prussia ought to take the initiative (gained advantage over liberals by appealing to nationalists)
- Victories: War against Denmark (1864; gained territory); Austro-Prussian War (1866; ended German Confederation); Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871; German states rallied to Prussia’s side; German empire proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in 1871)
8
Q
Zionism
A
- Political movement of the late 19th century
- Divergent nationalism
- The Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland
- Rejection of assimilation
- Theodor Herzl = Hungarian-born journalist working in Paris; dismayed by the rise of anti-Semitism in France; “The Jewish State,” 1896; First Zionist Congress in Switzerland in 1897)
9
Q
Imperialism
A
- The process by which one state imposes control over another’s land, resources, and population
- Domination of a weaker country economically, politically, culturally, and/or militarily
- Domination of the rest of the world by INDUSTRIALIZED countries
- Dramatically different from the first period of imperialism/colonialism in speed, scope, and capacity
- At the end of the 19th century, European nations, the U.S., and Japan set out to conquer the world
- By 1914, 85% of the world’s regions were under imperial control
10
Q
Social Darwinism
A
- Herbert Spencer and others applied the concept of “survival of the fittest” to human society
- Idea of superiority that was one of the cultural/ideological factors leading to imperialist age
- The application of the concept of individual competition and survival to relationships among classes, races, and nations
- Survival of the fittest
- Virtues of capitalism
- Natural order of rich and poor
- White superiority
11
Q
Berlin Conference
A
- Chaired by Otto von Bismarck
- Britain, France, and Germany joined forces to settle the issue of African colonization
- The Treaty of Berlin, 1884
- The treaty established rules for a new phase of European expansion –> the Congo would be open to free trade and commerce
- The Congo Free State is “free” in name only
- The Congo is actually run by Leopold’s private company
- The Congo became a Belgian colony in 1908
12
Q
Second Industrial Revolution
A
- 1870-1914
- Industrial change that involved major scientific and technical innovations (refining/mass-producing steel; chemical industry advances; electricity and oil as new power sources), greater complexity in industrial organization (control shifts to distant bankers and financiers; vertical integration; horizontal integration; incorporation of businesses; emergence of white-collar class), and shifts in marketing industrial goods (department stores; advertising)
- Economic depression from 1873 to mid-1890s
13
Q
Feminist movement
A
- Mass politics
- International movement during the second half of the 19th century that demanded broader political, legal, and economic rights for women
- Middle-class women sought to obliterate ideology of separate spheres
- Remove impediments faced by married women
- Widen opportunities for female employment and higher education
- Erase double standard of sexual conduct
- Guarantee national women’s suffrage
- Tactics: political campaigning, militancy, and civil disobedience
- The “New Woman”
14
Q
Schlieffen Plan
A
- WWI (1914-1918)
- The war spreads
- Germany planned to invade France through Belgium and quickly reach Paris
15
Q
Total war
A
- Civilian life
- Mobilization of society to achieve military victory
- Home front tied to front line
- Increased state control of all aspects of production and distribution
- WWI
- WWII: Demand for massive resources and a national commitment; war of production; centers of industry as military targets (strategic bombing)
16
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
- Paris Peace Conference, January 1919
- After end of WWI
- Key figures: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
- Goals: Wilson = The Fourteen Points (end to secret diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of international tariffs, self-determination, arms reduction, and League of Nations); Clemenceau = Punish Germany (demilitarization, reparations, and war guilt clause)
17
Q
League of Nations
A
- Its creation was a goal of Woodrow Wilson’s in his Fourteen Points
- Paris Peace Conference, January 1919
- Purpose: disarmament, collective security, disputes solved by negotiation and diplomacy
- Weaknesses: no power to enforce decisions, U.S. did not join
18
Q
Bolsheviks
A
- Leaders of the Russian Social Democratic Party split in 1903, resulting in the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks
- “Members of the majority”
- Called for immediate socialist revolution
- Led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (LENIN)
- “Peace, Land, and Bread, Now!”
- October Revolution of 1917
- Russian Civil War (1917-1920)
19
Q
Joseph Stalin
A
- Iosep Jughashvili, 1879-1953
- Son of a poor shoemaker
- Bolshevik from the Caucasus nation of Georgia
- Spent many years in Siberian exile
- Important but not central figure during the Russian Revolution
- Stalin took control of Bolshevik party when Lenin died in 1924
- In control from 1924 to 1953
- “Revolution from above”
- Collectivization
- The Five-Year Plans (1928-1932)
- The Great Terror (1937-1938)
20
Q
Collectivization
A
- 1927: Poor harvest and low prices led peasants to hoard grain
- 1928: Stalin ordered local officials in the Urals and Siberian areas to begin requisitioning grain
1929: Beginning of complete collectivization of agriculture –> Peasants forced to give up private farmlands and to join collective farms or state farms - Peasants resisted (between 1923 and 1933, 1600 large-scale rebellions; they would rather slaughter their own livestock than turn it over to the farms)
- Temporary halt in 1930
- Implemented more gradual process
- By 1935, collectivization of agriculture complete in most areas
- Attack on kulaks (well-to-do peasants; “tight-fisted ones”) –> 1929-1933: 1.5 million peasants uprooted, dispossessed of their property, and resettled
- 1932-1933: Famine spread across southern region of Soviet Union –> Bolsheviks refused to send surplus grain; 3 to 5 million died
21
Q
Dawes Plan
A
- 1924
- Accepted by Britain, France, and Germany
- Germany’s yearly reparations were reduced and depended on the level of German economic prosperity
- Germany would receive loans from the U.S. to promote recovery
- WWI shifted world’s economic center to U.S.
22
Q
Keynesian economics
A
- Response to the Great Depression
- John Maynard Keynes
- In times of depression, the state should not reduce spending and endeavor to live within its budget, but instead should adopt a program of deficit spending to stimulate economic growth
23
Q
Fascism
A
- From the Latin “fasces” = an ax surrounded by a bundle of sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state (sticks = power; ax = the right to exercise that power over the people; symbolic message = the people must serve their government)
- Statism = the state incorporated every interest and every loyalty of its members
- Nationalism = nationhood as the highest form of society, transcending the individuals who composed it
- Militarism = war ennobled man; nations that did not expand would die
- Rise of the Fascists:
- Forcefully repressed radical movements; gained support of middle class and landowners; seemed to be a solution to the absence of leadership
- September 1922: Mussolini began to negotiate for fascist participation in government
- October 28: an army of 50,000 Black Shirts marched into Rome and occupied the capital
- October 29: Victor Emmanuel III invited Mussolini to form a cabinet
24
Q
Benito Mussolini
A
- 1883-1945
- Son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher
- Journalist and editor of the socialist daily “Avanti”
- Tried to raise enthusiasm for WWI
- Founded “Il Popolo d’Italia”
- Organized groups called fasci to drum up support
- Broke with socialists because they opposed the war
25
Adolf Hitler
- 1889-1945
- Born in Austria
- Son of a petty customs official in the Austrian civil service
- Dropped out of school and went to Vienna to become an artist in 1909
- Rejected by the academy and forced into a dismal existence
- Elated when war broke out in 1914; enlisted in the German army
- Joined the German Workers' Party after the war
- Nationalist Socialist Workers' Party = one of the many small, militant groups of disaffected Germans; devoted to racial nationalism and to the overthrow of the Weimar Republic; Refused to accept defeat (believed Germany was "stabbed in the back" by socialists and Jews); German Workers' Party changed its name to Nationalist Socialist Workers' Party in 1920
26
Nuremberg Decrees
- 1935
- Example of Nazi racism
- Deprived Jews of their German citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans
27
Appeasement
- Policy of accommodating Hitler in order to maintain the balance of power and prevent another total war
- Based on the assumption that fascist states were a bulwark against Soviet communism
- Supported by British and American arguments that Germany had been mistreated at Versailles
- Hitler wanted to restore German greatness and unify all ethnic Germans
- 1933: Germany left the League of Nations
- 1935: Beginning of German rearmament
- 1936: Reoccupation of the Rhineland
- 1938: Annexation of Austria
- France and Britain did nothing, even though Hitler clearly violated the Versailles Treaty
28
Blitzkrieg
- "Lightning war"
- A new kind of warfare prompted by the stalemate of the Western Front in WWI
- An offensive military tactic making use of airplanes, tanks, and motorized infantry to punch through the enemy defenses and secure key territory
29
Iron Curtain
- 1946
- Winston Churchill
- Commencement speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri
- The Soviet Union used diplomatic pressure, political infiltration, and military power to create "people's republics" sympathetic to Moscow (USSR) --> "Iron Curtain"
30
Truman Doctrine
- 1947
- The American Response to the Cold War / Eastern Bloc / Iron Curtain
- President Harry Truman
- Pledge to support the resistance of "free peoples" to communism
31
Marshall Plan
- 1947
- The American Response to the Cold War / Eastern Bloc / Iron Curtain
- Secretary of State George Marshall
- Ambitious plan of economic aid to Europe ($13 billion over four years; encouraged industrial redevelopment)
- Rejected by the Soviets --> Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
32
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- April 1949
- Founded by U.S., Canada, and the Western European states
- Greece, Turkey, and West Germany later added as members
- Agreed that an armed attack against any one of the NATO members would be regarded as an attack against all and would bring a united military response
33
Warsaw Pact
- 1955
- Set up a joint command among states of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and East Germany
- Guaranteed the continued presence of Soviet troops in those countries
34
Decolonization
- 1947-1960
- Disintegration of the sprawling European Empires built during the 19th century
- Different paths: European states cut their losses and withdrew; well-organized nationalist movements demanded independence; European powers drawn into violent struggles
- Visions of decolonization: Gandhi = Indian nationalist who urged Indians to develop their own resources and withdraw from the imperial economy by means of nonviolence and passive resistance; Frantz Fanon = member of the Algerian revolutionary National Liberation Front, advocated meeting violence with violence, and believed that violence could be therapeutic
35
Prague Spring
- 1968
- Emergence of a liberal communist government in Czechoslovakia; led by Alexander Dubcek; advocated "socialism with a human face"
- Opening of debate within the party
- Academic and artistic freedom
- Less censorship
36
Brezhnev Doctrine
- 1968
- Soviet response to the collapse of communism
- No socialist state could adopt policies endangering the interests of international socialism
- The Soviet Union could intervene in the domestic affairs of any Soviet bloc nation if communist rule was threatened
37
Mikhail Gorbachev
- Soviet reform
- Mikhail Gorbachev appointed to party leadership in 1985
- Openly voiced criticisms of the repressive aspects of communist society and called for reform
- "Glasnost" = intellectual openness
- " Perestroika" = economic restructuring
- Velvet Revolutions: Gorbachev announced that the Soviets would no longer enforce their will on rebellious populations
38
Vaclav Havel
- Velvet Revolutions, Czechoslovakia
- Late 1988: demonstrations against Soviet domination
- 1989: brutal beatings of student demonstrators by the police radicalized the nation's workers
- Civic Forum (an opposition coalition) called for: the installation of a coalition government to include non communists; free elections; and resignation of the country's communist leadership
- Mass demonstrations toppled the old regime
- Havel (Civic Forum leader) elected president
39
European Union
- The European Economic Community became the EU in 1991
- Integration of European political, economic, cultural, and military policies
- French President Francois Mitterrand: "One currency, one culture, one social area, one environment"
- In order to join, required commitment to capitalism and democratic politics
40
Globalization
- Global systems of production, distribution, and communication linked together peoples of the world
- Accelerated by technological developments
- Growing divide between wealthy "North" and impoverished "South"
