Exam #2 Flashcards
(Week 10) What was the Gallaudet Brothers Influence?
Know the background and general life path of each brother
(Thomas Jr, & Edward Miner)
What did each accomplish during his lifetime?
St Ann’s Church for the Deaf
Gallaudet University (Also, Sophia Gallaudet and Amos Kendall’s roles.)
How did each accomplishments benefit the Deaf community?
Amos Kendall?
- Jared A. Ayres, mentioned to Gallaudet that the idea of a college for deaf.
*Sophia Fowler became the first matron of Kendall School. Wife of Thomas H. Gallaudet, Mother of Thomas, Jr & Edward Miner Gallaudet, Role model for Deaf women.
*The college’s official opening occurred in June of 1864.
Among the speakers were Laurent Clerc and John Carlin, two deaf men whose
*Thomas Gallaudet established St. Ann’s Church for the Deaf in New
York City 1852. He was one of the American representatives to the Milan Congress. Thomas Jr was the oldest; Edward Miner was the youngest. He supported having Deaf priest.
*Worked with Edward Miner Gallaudet to enable founding of National Deaf-Mute College.
Who were Rev. Henry Winter Syle and Rev. Austin Ward Mann?
*Syle was the first Deaf ordained priest in America.
Know the highlights of Gallaudet University’s history covered in class. Review APOTO Chapter 7.
- The Collegiate Department of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb opened in 1864.
- Edward Allen Fay was the first vice president of Gallaudet College.
- John B. Hotchkiss, a graduate of the American School for the Deaf and Gallaudet College, in 1869 became the college’s first deaf teacher.
- Amos G. Draper was the second deaf teacher at Gallaudet College.
- John Carlin in the 1850s argued for the establishment of a college for deaf Americans. In 1864 he received Gallaudet College’s first honorary degree.
- Agatha Tiegel of Pennsylvania was one of the first female graduates of Gallaudet College.
(Week 11) American Deaf Organizations
Know the types of organizations
How were identity labels different back then?
How did this reflect Deaf self-consciousness?
What was the Little Paper Family
What types of Deaf organizations emerged in the USA from 1850-1900?
*1907, The National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, primarily an insurance company.
*1880, The National Association of the Deaf (NAD), Cincinnati, Ohio, become a lobbying and consumer rights organization.
*“mutes” - profoundly deaf when infants or very young children. (deaf and didn’t speak)
*“only-deaf - was to indicate that they lost their hearing in adolescence or adulthood and therefore retained speech. (became deaf later, could speak intelligibly)
*“semi-mutes - persons who could not hear but who could speak intelligibly. (deaf, could speak intelligibly)
*“semi-deaf” - hard of hearing.
*1886, Deaf-Mutes Union League of New York. (oral deaf club.)
*1849, The Deaf Mute a periodical. (Periodicals published by Deaf schools.
*1945, American Athletic Union of the Deaf : American Athletic Association of the Deaf (AAAD) & USA Deaf Sports Federation (1997 change)
Los Angeles Club of the Deaf (1927)
*Ohio (1868), Illinois (1870), kentucky (1873), and Virginia, Michigan and Nebraska (1874)
*From the Texas Mute Ranger to the Silent Hoosier, nearly fifty school papers were published by deaf institutions. Known collectively as the “Little Paper Family,” or simply the “Little Papers,” eventually they assumed a significance out of proportion to their size.
*Self-help (Insurance), Sport, State associations & Deaf clubs.
Ferdinand Berthier
What was his background?
What did he accomplish?
What were the Deaf-Mute Banquets?
- A lead organizer of the French Deaf-Mutes banquets, an advocate for Deaf rights and signed language rights, a French Deaf teacher at the Paris school.
*An annual banquet was inaugurated on January 3, 1889, to commemorate the organization’s founding.
*Deaf French-organized banquets to protest oralist control of the National Deaf School in Paris, France.
*Made a “Chevalier de la Legion d’honneur” by Napolean III in 1849.
*Louhans, birthplace of Ferdinand Berthier.
Thomas Widd
What was his background
What is unique about his accomplishments?
*The founder of today’s Mackay Center (Deaf school) in Montreal, Canada, a church and Deaf community organization leader in Los Angeles, A Deaf community leader in Great Britain, Canada, and the US.
*Deaf community leader in three nations; also including Los Angeles.)
The Rise of Oralism
Know the educational methods and the country it is generally “associated” with:
Writing - Spain (recall, this method was not just writing!)
Manualism - France
Oralism - Germany
Combined - no particular country!
How did European influence contribute to the rise of oralism?
Which country’s early Deaf education is associated with the oral system?
Which country’s early Deaf education is associated with the writing system?
Which country’s early Deaf education is associated with the manual system.
*First American school to adopt was the New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes (1867) by German.
*England, Spain, and the Netherlands did not uniformly embrace either the French or German Methods during most of the 19th century.
*Germany “The oral system (the German system),” Speech solely.
*Spain “The writing system (the Spanish system),” used fingerspelling, students leaned writing, leading to speaking individual letters and words.
*France “The manual system (the French system,” sign language only; no speech.
*European Influence - French Revolution and Napoleon: France now out of favor, Nationalism & Rise of Germany.
What big event occurred in Milan in 1880?
How was this event organized?
Who organized it?
What was special about James Denison and Claudius Forestier?
What was the main outcome of the voting?
The Milan Congress voting was biased because?
*International Congress for the Improvement of the Condition of DeafMutes, declared that “preference should be given to the method of articulation and lipreading,” rather than to sign language and fingerspelling, in the education of deaf children. Site of infamous Milan Congress. Destructive oralism spreads world-wide in Deaf education.
*255 attendees total, Majority from Italy and France 224 of 255) only five from the U.S. (including James Denison, two are deaf Denison & Claudius Forestier of France.)
*Joseph Marius Magnat, former oral teacher received support to organize the meeting called, “the Milan Congress.”
*one delegate, James Denison, principal of Kendall School in Washington, D.C., was deaf. James Denison & Claudius Forestier (Deaf attendees of 1880 Milan Congress).
*only 6 out of 164 voted in favor of Sign Language.
*Oralist were handpicked as voting representatives, no proportional representation based on Deaf school and student numbers, hardly any Deaf individuals were present.
Alexander Graham Bell
What was his background?
How was he connected to the Oralism movement?
*Supported oralism & Deaf persons assimilation into hearing society.
* Family background: Mother hard of hearing, Wife deaf, paternal relatives worked in elocution, speech, drama. Invented telephone, Eugenicist.
The Oralist Movement
What were the beliefs of this movement?
What were the outcomes of this movement?
*Expanded the number of Day schools for deaf children, led to widespread language deprivation in deaf children, led to the firing of many Deaf teachers.
*By 1920, American schools reported that 80% of their deaf students were educated without signs or fingerspelling.
The two rival Deaf Education organizations
*Rival organizations: Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf (CAID vs American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD)
*AGB founded two rival groups: Department 16 of the National Education Association (NEA) and the AAPTSD.
CAID & AAPTSD (know the following for each:
The primary founding leader?
The basic educational philosophy?
*Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf (CAID) and the Conference of American Principals and Superintendents of Schools for the Deaf were dominated by Edward Miner Gallaudet. (manual)
*AAPTSD founded by AGB (Alexander Graham Bell). (orals)
*
(Week 12) Deaf Pioneers
Know the various firsts/earliest known Men, Women, and Persons of Color for:
Deaf teachers
Deaf students at Gallaudet
Deaf graduates of Gallaudet
Deaf faculty members at Gallaudet
Deaf Principals
Who is the earliest known Black Deaf graduate of Gallaudet University?
Hume LaPrince Battiste
*Earliest known Black multiracial Deaf person to graduate from Gallaudet, Passed as an Indigenous person at Gallaudet, Professional athlete & successful businessman.
Who is the first openly Black Deaf graduate of Gallaudet University?
Andrew Foster
*First openly Black Deaf person to graduate from Gallaudet, Missionary to Deaf Africa.
Who are the first two Latina Deaf women graduates of Gallaudet University?
Dolores Ramirez (Barrett) & Esperanza Correa (Latimer)
*(Dolores) First Deaf Latina to graduate from Gallaudet & Deaf educator, officer professional and Deaf community advocate.
*(Correa) Second Deaf Latina to graduate from Gallaudet & Longtime Deaf educator.
Who is the earliest known Deaf Latino to graduate from Gallaudet University?
Robert Davila
* Top official at two higher educational institutions (NTID CEO & Gallaudet president) and several professional Deaf education organizations, Highest-ever ranked Deaf official in the U.S. federal government (Assistance Secretary in Dept. of Education), Deaf community leader.
Who was a pioneering Asian Deaf women advocate and community leader?
Lillian Hahn (Skinner)
*Pioneering Asian Deaf woman advocate and community leader.
Who was a Black Deaf-Blind lawyer in the 1920s?
Roger Demosthenes O’Kelly
*Black Deaf-Blind lawyer in the 1920s.
Who is the first Black Deaf women graduate of Gallaudet University?
Ida Gray (Hampton)
*First Black Deaf women to graduate from Gallaudet & Longtime Deaf educator.
Who is the first Black Deaf teacher?
Amanda Johnson, Julius Garrett (Carrett) & H.L. Johns
*First Black Deaf teachers.
Who were the first two Deaf women to graduate from Gallaudet University?
Alto Lowman & Agatha Tiegel (Hanson) ; First two women to graduate from Gallaudet.
*Agatha Tiegel - Second Deaf woman to graduate from Gallaudet, First Deaf women to earn a Gallaudet degree
Alto Lowman - First Deaf women Gallaudet graduate (diploma)
Who is the earliest known Deaf Latino student at Gallaudet University?
Pedro Sandoval
* Earliest known Deaf Latino student at Gallaudet.
