exam 2

Question 1

how are fungi classified

Answer 1

by morphology (yeast or hyphal) axsexual or sexual

Question 2

whata are the main ways that fungi multiply?

Answer 2

budding

Question 3

name one disease caused by a fungus

Answer 3

sudden oak death; candidiasis

Question 4

how do algae get energy?

Answer 4

photosynthesis

Question 5

what is the red tide?

Answer 5

dinoflagellates; pathogens produce toxins that make the red tide

Question 6

what happens when Pfiesteria piscicida infects fish or humans?

Answer 6

memory loss, skin irritation, vomit, immune system problems

Question 7

what is a disease vector?

Answer 7

causative agent (ex: apicomplexans cause malaria)

Question 8

what is the role of a vector in Chagas disease?

Answer 8

trypansoma cruzi; Transmission occurs when fecal material gets rubbed into the bite wound

Question 9

what are the main components of viruses?

Answer 9

1. nucleic acid, RNA or DNA
2. protein coat or shell
3. lipid envelope or membrane surrounding nucleocapsid core
4. some package enzymes

Question 10

how are viruses different from one another?

Answer 10

size and morphology, capsid or envelope, or complex

Question 11

what are the main ways that viruses are classified?

Answer 11

plant virus, animal virus, bacteria virus

Question 12

what is a naked virus?

Answer 12

viruses with only a nuclocacpsid, they are more resistant to environmental conditions

Question 13

what is an enveloped virus?

Answer 13

virus with a bilayer membrane outside their capsids “hidden” from attack by host immune system

Question 14

where do viral envelopes come from?

Answer 14

the composition is determined by viral nucleic acid and substances from the host’s membrane (made up of lipids, proteins, ad carbs)

Question 15

why are viral genomes so small compared with prokaryotic or eukaryotic genomes

Answer 15

no nucleus, organelles, or cytoplasm = extremely small

Question 16

list replication cycle of viruses

Answer 16

1. adsorption- attach to host cell
2. penetration- entry of virions into host
3. synthesis- make new nucleic acid molecules,capsid protiens, and other viral components in host cell
4. maturation- assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions
5. release- departureof new virions from host cell, release generally kills host cell

Question 17

what is a bacteriophage?

Answer 17

viruses that infect bacterial cells

Question 18

what is lysogeny?

Answer 18

process where bacteriophage infects a bacteria cell until ultimately the bacterial host is destroyed (lysed)

Question 19

what best describes competitive inhibition?

Answer 19

direct control of enzyme activity whereby a mimic molecule binds to the active site on enzymes

Question 20

what is directly involved in replication?

Answer 20

DNA, ligase, okasaki fragments, helicase

Question 21

what type of organism would most likely be found only in the large intestine where there is a complete lack of oxygen?

Answer 21

obligate anaerobe

Question 22

which parasite has a merozoite as one of its life stages?

Answer 22

Plasmodium spp. (malaria)

Question 23

the general phases of viral replication include?

Answer 23

adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly and release

Question 24

what is true about a double stranded DNA virus following cellular entry?

Answer 24

viral DNA is ready to make protein with a direct interaction with host ribosomes

Question 25

the nucleocapsid of all viruses are made up of what type of molecule?

Answer 25

proteins

Question 26

a syncytia is?

Answer 26

the fusion of multiple viral infected host cells

Question 27

which organism obtains its carbon in an organic form?

Answer 27

heterotroph

Question 28

what is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 28

the transport of polar molecules and ions through a specific protein channel in the cell membrane without the use of ATP

Question 29

what is a holoenzyme?

Answer 29

conjugated enzyme complex that includes a combination of proteins and one or more cofactors

Question 30

what is a sylvatic life cycle?

Answer 30

where the pathogen is maintained in wildlife prior to infection in people or domestic animals

Question 31

temperature for optimal growth and metabolism:

Answer 31

psychrophile- 0-15 degrees C mesophiles- 20-40 degrees C thermophile- 45-80 degrees C

Question 32

which major catabolic processes yields the most ATP directly?

Answer 32

electron transport system

Question 33

in anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is?

Answer 33

nitrate or nitrite

Question 34

which eukaryote could be considered a vector of pathogens from one individual to another?

Answer 34

ticks

Question 35

how many ATP molecules are directly formed during the Krebs cycle from a single pyruvic acid molecule?

Answer 35

2

Question 36

what happens in the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

Answer 36

the number of newly generated cells equals the number of dying cells

Question 37

what part of the microbial cell does glycolysis occur in?

Answer 37

cytoplasm

Question 38

energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of?

Answer 38

high energy ATP bonds

Question 39

describe semi-conservative replication of the genome

Answer 39

an exact copy of the parent strand is made so that there is one completely unique strand and another made of parent molecules

Question 40

the copying of genetic in formation into mRNA for protein synthesis is called?

Answer 40

transcription

Question 41

the specificity of an enveloped virus to a host or tissue is caused by?

Answer 41

interactions between envelope spike and host cell receptor

Question 42

positive sense single stranded RNA virus following cellular entry..

Answer 42

viral RNA is ready to make protein with a direct interaction with host ribosomes-- viral assembly is slower than negative sense strand species

Question 43

a virus particle can contain which types of genetic information?

Answer 43

double and single stranded both DNA and RNA

Question 44

what is candidiasis?

Answer 44

fungal infection through out the body caused by yeast

Question 45

lagging strand during DNA replication

Answer 45

is created in 3'-5' direction it is created following the leading strand it consists of lots of smaller nucleotide strands called okasaki fragments

Question 46

where does proton motive force occur in prokaryotic microorganisms?

Answer 46

cell membrane

Question 47

which types of RNA are involved in translation?

Answer 47

1) mRNA : carry information stored in DNA to the cytoplasm for translation 2) rRNA : forms ribosome 3) tRNA : bring Aminoacids from cellular pool to the ribosomes (and mRNA) for protein synthesis

Question 48

what is the resulting number of ATP molecules formed from the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

Answer 48

34

Question 49

what is necessary to being replication of the circular prokaryotic genome?

Answer 49

RNA primer segments

Question 50

which cycle involves the destruction of the prokaryotic host?

Answer 50

lytic cycle

Question 51

T or F: Chemical intermediates produced during glycolysis are used for the creation of structural proteins during anabolism

Answer 51

true

Question 52

what is an exerogonic reaction?

Answer 52

energy is made and not required

Question 53

the term tinea refers to?

Answer 53

fungal skin infections

Question 54

cytochrome c is located?

Answer 54

in the membrane

Question 55

phagocytosis is located in?

Answer 55

the membrane

Question 56

RNA polymerase is located in?

Answer 56

the nucleus

Question 57

location of ATP synthase?

Answer 57

the membrane

Question 58

where is ligase located?

Answer 58

the nucleus

Question 59

does anabolism require or produce ATP?

Answer 59

requires ATP

Question 60

does pinocytosis require or produce ATP?

Answer 60

requires ATP

Question 61

does substrate level phosphorylation require or produce ATP?

Answer 61

produces ATP

Question 62

does an exergonic reaction produce or require ATP?

Answer 62

produces ATP

Question 63

what is step 4 in the TCA cycle?

Answer 63

NAD is converted to NADH + H and co2

Question 64

what are the characteristics of a negative sense ssRNA enveloped virus

Answer 64

has protein capsid, receives its envelope from host membrane, and has protein spikes in the membrane often used to bind to a host receptor

Question 65

what would be an effective drug against a virus infection?

Answer 65

a drug that inhibits viral assembly, inhibits transcription, and prevents receptor binding