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Holistic Health Assessment > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Oct 7 (91 cards)

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1
Q

What is the valves of the first heart sound/ S1/ Lub?

A

AV valve (tricuspid and mitral valves)

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2
Q

What is the the valves that close in the second heart sound/ S2/ dub?

A

Semilunar valves (Aortic and pulmonic)

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3
Q

What conditions causes murmurs of structural defects?

A

Stenosis vs. regurgitation

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4
Q

What conditions causes murmurs of velocity?

A

exersice, fever, hyperthyroidism

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5
Q

What condition causes murmurs of visocosity?

A

anemia, dehydration

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6
Q

What is grade 1 murmur?

A

Barley audible in a quiet room

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7
Q

What is grade 2 murmur?

A

quiet but clearly audible

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8
Q

What is a grade 3 murmur?

A

moderately loud

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9
Q

what is a grade 4 murmur?

A

very loud, associated with thrill

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10
Q

what is grade 5 murmur?

A

Very loud, thrill easily palpable

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11
Q

Where does the blood enter the heart

A

Superior vena cava

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12
Q

Where does the blood flow from superior vena cava?

A

right atrium

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13
Q

What valve passes the right atrium?

A

Tricuspid valve

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14
Q

Where does the tricuspid valve flow blood into?

A

right ventricle

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15
Q

Where does the right ventricle flow blood into?

A

pulmonary valve

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16
Q

Where does blood enter before going to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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17
Q

Where does the the blood enter the heart after going to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein

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18
Q

Where does the flow from the pulmonary vein?

A

Left atrium

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19
Q

What valve flows blood out of the left atrium?

A

Mitral

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20
Q

Where does the mitral valve flow blood into?

A

Left ventricle

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21
Q

What valves does the left ventricle pump blood into?

A

Aortic valve

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22
Q

Where does blood flow after the aortic valve?

A

aorta

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23
Q

What are the non modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

A

Age, sex, heredity, race

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24
Q

What are modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease?

A

Smoking, cholesterol, hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, stress

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25
What are the major risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
Smoking, cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes
26
What pulses are accessible in examination?
carotid, brachial, radial, popliteal, dorsal pedis, posterior tibial
27
What is 0 pulse strength
absent
28
what is 1 pulse strength
weak, thready
29
What is 2 pulse strength
normal
30
what is 3 strength pulse
increased
31
what is 4 strength pulse
bounding
32
what is the subcutaneous skin function
storage, energy, insulation
33
what is the epidermis skin function
vascular
33
what is dermis skin function
collagen, stretch
34
what are infant skin features
thin, smooth, elastic, easy to tear
35
what are childrens skin features
epidermis thickens, toughens and darkens, grows melanin
36
what are adolesensts skin features
skin problems such as pimples and blackheads, secoundary sex characteristics begin development
37
what are agin adults skin features
skin loses elasticity, epidermis thins and flattens, sweat glands and subceous glands decrease leaving dry skin (increased risk for heat stroke) higher risk for skin breakdown
38
bulla (primary)
elevated fluid filled vesicle (blister)
39
Mucule (primary)
flat lesion
40
papules (primary)
raised lesion
41
nodules (primary)
raised mass
42
vesicle (primary)
raised collection of fluid
43
wheals (primary)
round raised superficial collection of fluid
44
pustules (primary)
vesicle or bulla filled with pus
45
cysts (primary)
mass of fluid filled tissue
46
Scale (secondary)
exfoliation or shedding of dead skin cells
47
Crust (secondary)
dried residue from serum, blood, pus
48
erosion (secondary)
non bleeding loss of superficial epidermis
49
scar (secondary)
formation of connective tissue following healing wound
50
keloid (secondary)
raised, irregular shaped loss of skin
51
Ulcer (secondary)
Irregularly shaped loss of skin
52
Vascular
hemangiomas, salmon patches, port wine stains
53
How do vascular lesions form?
with aging changes or when damage occurs to the blood vessels in or near the skin
54
Vascular lesions
spider or cherry angioma, spider vein, petechia/purpura, ecchymosis (bruise), hematoma
55
Signs of moles
asymmetry, border, color, diameter
56
1 evaluate pitting
rapid response, 2 mm
57
2 evaluate pitting
10 to 15 sec, 4 mm
58
3 evaluate pitting
1 to 2 min, 6mm
59
4 evaluate pitting
2 to 5 min, 8 - 10 mm
60
Intrinsic factor of pressure injury
immobility, sensory loss, disease, age, body type, poor nutrition, incontinence, infection
61
extrinsic factors of pressure injury
impact injury, friction/shear forces, posture, heat, excessive uniaxial pressure, moisture,
62
pressure injury characteristics
temp, color, moist or dry, capillary refill, clubbing, describe any wounds or sores
63
stage 1 skin ulcer
non blanchable erythema (redness)
64
stage 2 skin ulcer
partial thickness skin loss (open blister)
65
Stage 3 skin ulcer
full thickness skin loss (does not affect muscle or bone)
66
Stage 4 skin ulcer
full thickness skin loss/ tissue loss (loss sensation)
67
Preventing skin ulcers
meticulous skin car and moisture control, adequate nutrition, frequent repositioning, therapeutic mattresses, client/family teaching, hydration
68
Fetus developmental considerations
pregnancy increases oxygen demand, women's body increases tidal volume, no change in resp rate, fetal development at 32 weeks in utero the fetus makes surfactant which allows sustain inflation of air sacs
69
newborn developmental considerations
at birth instantly shift from placenta to pulmonary function, vulnerable to second hand smoke
70
In fetus secondhand smoke risks
premature birth, low birth wt., SIDS
71
Newborn secondhand smoke risks
Upper and lower resp. tract infection, otitis media, asthma, allergies and metabolic syndrome after pregnancy
72
aging adults developmental considerations
decreased lung expansion (less elastic, harder to inflate), less surface to exchange o2 and co2 (few alveoli) Less airway protection ( low cough, low cilia, high secretion)
73
Less airway protection risk
dyspnea on exertion and postoperative atelectasis and infection from decreased ability to cough, loss of reflexes and increased secretion
74
past medical history respiratory assessment
Irritants (allergens, occupational), respiratory infection ( influenza pneumonia, TB) lung conditions (cystic fibrosis, asthma, emphysema), thoracic trauma or surgery, self medication (OTC)
75
Calculation of pack years
packs per day x number of years smoking
76
Characteristics of breathing
rate, quality, (unlabored or easy, labored or dyspnea, use of accessory muscles), pattern (apnea agonal- actively dying), skin/nail/ lips color ( Cyanosis- blue/purple, pallor- pale, ashen-grey) fingers (clubbing) symmetry chest wall movement, Spo2, hypoxemia or hypoxia
77
Symmetry of chest wall
Anteroposterior (AP): Transverse diameter (shoulder to shoulder), normal (2:1), barrel chest 1:1
78
Early signs of hypoxemia and hypoxia
brain- restless, anxiousness, confusion Skin- mucous membrane pale VS- raised RR and HR
79
Late signs of hypoxemia and hypoxia
Brain: lethargy, stupor Skin: cyanosis, capillary refill VS: Drop in BP,RR,HR
80
Bronchial breath sounds
loud, hollow, high pitched, shrot inspiration, long expiration
81
Bronachovasicular breath sound
moderate pitch and intensity, inspiration=expiration
82
Vesicular breath sounds
low pitch, soft, low inspiration, short expiration, most lung auscultation areas (small bronchioles and alveoli)
83
Crackles
bubbling and popping Bronchitis, pneumonia, heart failure, interstitial fibrosis
84
Wheezes
continuous, musical or whistling asthma and emphysema
85
Stridor
wheezing audible w/o stethoscope sever asthma, croup, airway obstruction from foreign body, anaphylaxis
86
Purpose of pulse oximeter
measure arterial blood's saturation with oxygen
87
Incentive spirometer correct use
inhale slowly, keep ball or bellow high as possible
88
Acapella
exhale against resistance and vibration
89
Nasal Cannula
1-4 L/min, 24-44%
90
Simple face mask
5-8 L/min, 35-60%

Holistic Health Assessment (5 decks)

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