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Marine Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

phytoplankton

A

unicellular, micro size

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2
Q

seaweed

A

multicellular, macro size

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3
Q

higher plants

A

seagrass, saltmarsh grass, mangrove

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4
Q

structural features of seaweed

A

thallus (body)
blade (leaf)
pneumatocyst (bulb at base of leaf)
stipe (stem)
holdfast (roots)

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5
Q

characteristics of blades

A

not true leaves, no veins

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6
Q

characteristics of pneumatocyst

A

gas filled float to buoy the blades towards the sunlight at the surface

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7
Q

characteristics of stipe

A

stem like, flexible, contain pigment for photosynthesis

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8
Q

characteristics of holdfast

A

no true roots, no absorption or transport function, anchor on hard surfaces

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9
Q

major types of seaweeds

A

green, brown, and red algae

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10
Q

characteristics of green algae

A

found in tidal zones and are subtidal, tropical to temperate

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11
Q

characteristics of brown algae

A

pneumatocyst, found in rocky shores, pelagic

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12
Q

characteristics of kelp

A

found in cold water, temperate and subpolar

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13
Q

characteristics of red algae

A

found in shallow water, simple structure, filamentous, phycobilins make it red

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14
Q

how do seaweeds reproduce

A

vegetative and asexual (most important)
complex and sexual

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15
Q

characteristics of seagrasses

A

flowering plants that reproduce by pollination and have evolved to live in seawater

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16
Q

prerequisites to live in seawater

A

-adapted to saline water
-able to grow completely submersed
-anchored to withstand waves and tides
-water pollinated

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17
Q

characteristics of leaves in seagrass

A

thin and strap like, true leaves with upper and lower surface and veins, can grow in high density

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18
Q

characteristics of roots in seagrass

A

roots are used for anchoring and nutrient absorption, dense, also known as rhizomes

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19
Q

characteristics of flowers/seeds in seagrass

A

miniature, not obvious, small seeds

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20
Q

where are seagrass beds found

A

sandy intertidal zones
subtidal zones: submerged most of the time
sandy sediments
lighted bottom

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21
Q

eel grass

A

most widely distributed seagrass, found in temperate to tropical regions, bay or estuary, shallow, slow water motion, with oxygen poor sediments

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22
Q

turtle grass

A

largest and most robust in florida and caribbean, leaves are ribbon like, wide blades, deep root and rhizome

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23
Q

surf grass

A

found in shallow waters on rocky shores, in high energy low intertidal and shallow subtidal reefs, forms dense beds and attaches to rocks with short roots

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24
Q

salt marsh plant

A

only merged in high tide, land plants, tolerate high salinity, live better in regular soil, true grass

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25
invasive species
spartina (salt marsh plant) salt and dry tolerant, high growth rate, form hybrid species, purposely introduced but cause many ecological problems
26
mangroves
tropical estuary and open coastal lines, intertidal zone, tolerate wide range of salinity, tree species zonation
27
what are the most important characteristics of algae and flowering plants
eukaryotic, multicellular (green algae can be uniceullar), bottom dwelling
28
what percentage of animal species are invertebrate
97%
29
most invertebrates are from two phyla:
mollusca and arthropoda
30
most invertebrates are found in what environment
shallow
31
the simplest animal
phylum porifera (sponge), a pore bearer
32
characteristics of sponges
loose clumps of specialized cells that interact, no true tissue or organs, arranged at cellular level, sessile, asymmetrical, cells can move inside and change shape, can be very colorful
33
body structure of porifera (pore bearers)
ostia- water comes in osculum- water goes out pinacocyte- outer layer (flat cells) collar cell- inner layer (collar cells) mesohyle- gelatin like middle specialized cells: sclerocyte and spicule, help to create inflow current, important for feeding
34
characteristics of spicules
defensive, can be shed off, SiO2 or CaCO3, excreted by sclerocyte
35
suspension vs deposit feeding
suspension- feed on particles suspended in water deposit- feed on particles settled on the bottom
36
detritus/carnivorous/mixtrophic sponges
detritus- eats dead carnivorous- hunts for zooplankton mixtrophic - combination of both
37
how do sponges regenerate
asexually by budding or when branches break off
38
hermaphrodites
male and female at the same time, this is how sponges sexually reproduce
39
phylum cnidaria
jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydroids
40
basic characteristics of cnidarians
-radial symmetry -mostly marine -no organs or organ system -rudimentary nervous network -incomplete digestive system
41
two body forms of cnidarians
medusa- free swimming form polyp- attached form
42
what are the epidermis cells in a cnidarian
sensory and defensive cells
43
what are the gastrodermis cells in a cnidarian
cells that secrete digestive enzymes
44
what are nematocysts
stinging cells, used for protection and feeding
45
class scyphozoans
jellyfish
46
class anthozoans
sea anemones and coral
47
class hydrozoan
man o war
48
characteristics of jellyfish
polyp in reproductive stage grow faster in warm water gelatinous animals that drift with current large medusae organized at tissue level
49
characteristics of sea anemone/coral
most lack medusa stage corals build colonies of small genetically identical polyps
50
characteristics of man o war
drifting specialized colonies of polyps not in the same class as jellyfish
51
phylum ctenophore
comb jelly
52
characteristics of comb jelly
combs are groups of cilia rainbow effect caused by reflection of light sticky cells help to catch prey but don't sting radial symmetry organized at tissue level
53
bilaterally symmetrical worms
flatworms ribbon worms nematodes segmented worms peanut worms
54
characteristics of flatworms (phylum platyhelminths)
sac body plan (flattened body) have central nervous system but simply brain organ systems
55
characteristics of flatworms (class turbellaria)
free living unique mating behavior have both male and female sex organs
56
characteristics of ribbon worms (phylum nemertea)
mostly marine and carnivores long, elastic body (longest invertebrate) complete digestive system circulatory system with blood have proboscis to catch small animals and entangle prey
57
characteristics of segmented worms (phylum annelida)
segmentation (rings) are internal and external gut coelom gills use respiration well developed nervous system with brain closed circulatory system great crawlers and burrowers class polychaeta
58
phylum mollusca
soft body with hard shell muscular foot well developed nervous system with brain open circulatory system, complete digestive system
59
three major groups of molluscs
gastropods bivalves cephalopods
60
class gastropoda
most common stomach footed have one shell or no shell herbivore/carnivore deposit or suspension feeder curved digestive system
61
class bivalvia
two valves laterally compressed body no head/no radula filter feeder burrowers swim ability is limited
62
class cephalopoda
head footed strong ability to swim all marine well developed nervous system (most complex), large complex eyes, brain, nerves, have ability to learn camouflage radula
63
phylum arthropoda
largest phylum of animals joint foot very mobile go through metamorphosis external skeleton
64
subphylum crustacea
two pairs of antennae head and thorax fused filter feeders/scavengers appendages specialized for different functions
65
decapods
largest group of crustaceans shrimp, lobster, hermit crabs
66
biology of crustaceans
filter feeding/predatory appendages for piercing and sucking simple brain, well developed sensory organs, compound eyes behaviorally complex
67
phylum echinodermata
adults are five way radial symmetry endoskeleton skin gills for respiration no brain tube feet sea star, sea urchin, sea cucumber
68
types of echinoderms
asteroidea: sea star ophiuroidea: brittle star
69
biology of echinoderms
movable spines move with tube feet complete but simply digestion system, jaws and muscles nervous system and behavior (camouflage) asexual reproduction
70
three types of fishes
jawless fish (agnatha) cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes) bony fish (osteichthyes)
71
jawless fish
no paired fins no scales lack true vertebrae
72
cartilaginous fish
skeleton of cartilage ventral mouth paired lateral fins sandpaper like skin
73
sharks
spindle shaped heterocercal caudal fin two back dorsal fins large pectoral fin on side powerful jaws with triangular teeth predators and filter feeders
74
rays and skates
demersal (live on bottom) flattened bodies, expanded pectoral fins gill slits underside their body ventrally eyes on top of head long whip like tails
75
ratfish
one pair of gill slits mostly deep water feed on bottom crustaceans and mollusks heterocercal tail like sharks
76
body shape of fish
lifestyle related habitat feeding habits
77
coloration of fish
countershading disruptive coloration cryptic coloration warning coloration
78
feeding of fish
size of the prey/size of the fish catch or filter teeth help break and hold prey can tell diets from shape of mouth
79
digestion of fish
intestines of carnivorous fish tend to be short and straight intestines of herbivorous fish are longer and coiled
80
gills in fish
construction is the same: gill arch, gill rakers, gill filaments
81
nervous system and sensory organs in fish
protected brains and spinal cords can smell and taste move lens of eyes to change focus lateral line helps sense water vibrations have inner ears
82
behavior in fish
territoriality to help with defense school with fish of similar body size migrate
83
reproduction in fish
change color to indicate readiness courtship hermaphrodites

Marine Biology (4 decks)

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